Essentials of Philosophy Exam 2

Birth and Death of Descartes

1596 - 1650

By whom was Descartes educated?

By the Jesuits

What is the name of the mideival educational system this group practiced?

The Scholasticism

Name the Greek philosopher whose philosophy this system is based on:

Aristotle

Descartes was regarded as the father of three disciplines. What are they?

Modern Philosophy

Modern Science

Analytic Geometry

What is the name of the process by which Descartes tried to establish the indubitable foundation of philosophy?

The Methodological Skepticism

What is the english translation of the latin phrase: “Cogito, Ergo Sum”?

I think, therefore, I am

By the above phrase, what did Descartes believe to be the indubitable foundation of philosophy?

Thinking

What kind of dichotomy did he establish through this?

The Mind-Body Dichotomy

Birth and Death of Kant

1724 - 1804

Other than Christian Wolff, who are the other two thinkers Kant studied at the University of Königsberg?

Gottfried Leibniz: an Enlightened logician and mathematician

Isaac Newton: a scientist known for the discovery of natural laws

Who was Kant's renowned colleague at the University of Königsberg that introduced him to a philosopher's work that awakened him from his "dogmatic slumber"?

Hamann

Who was Kant's most celebrated student, who founded the "Storm and Stress" (Sturm und Drung) movement?

Herder

Name Kant's "three Critiques" in their chronological order.

1. Critique of Pure Reason

2. Critique of Practical Reason

3. Critique of Judgement

Whose writings awakened Kant from his "dogmatic slumber"?

David Hume

By regarding the subject as a series of sense perceptions, what did this writer consider as an illusion?

Causation

What is the name of this writer's predecessor that viewed that the object does not exist independently of the subject, but since God is the omnipresent seer, the object exists?

Berkeley

What is Kant's name for the objective world beyond our reach (which he also calls "thing-in-itself")?

Noumena

What is his name for the subject-dependent world?

Phenomena

What is the Latin phrase Kant uses to describe the pre-existing mental framework through which our sense perception is filtered? 

a priori

What are some main categories through which our sense perceptions are filtered?

Time, Space, Causation

What is the phrase that Kant uses to describe his philosophy?

Transcendental Idealism

What is the name of the absolute and unconditional ethical imperative Kant believes we innately possess?

Categorical Imperative

In contrast, what is the name of the contingent and utilitarian ethical imperative Kant believes we acquire through experience?

Hypothetical Imperative

Kant's view of religion is that the _____  world is governed by physical laws and deterministic, whereas the _____  world is unknowable, where human _____  _____ takes place, and where God belongs

phenomenal

noumenal

free will

Therefore, God's existence is not _____  or _____. It requires _____  to believe in God, not reason.

provable

disprovable

Faith

What logical reasoning process did Descartes propose in science and the argument for the existence of God?

The Tautological method

Name the philosopher that said Descartes failed to question his material, physical, and economic condition.

Marx

What did Nietzsche say that Descartes failed to question?

The Language

Who said that Descartes failed to question the presence of the unconscious?

Freud

What did Heidegger and Sartre say that Descartes failed to question?

The Human Existence

What are the dates of John Locke's birth and death?

1632 - 1704

What was Locke's religious upbringing? 

Puritan

What was his occupation?

Medicine

Which discipline of philosophy does Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding address?

Epistemology

Which one does his Two Treaties on Civil Government address?

Political Philosphy

What is the Latin phrase that illustrates Locke's view on the state of the human mind at birth?

Tabula Rasa

What does this phrase mean?

The mind is a blank slate at birth

John Locke was regarded as the father of the British what?

Empiricism

He, along with Aristotle and Marx, was also regarded as one of the three most influential political philosophers in history. Name the respective political systems that either they influenced or proposed. 

Aristotle: The Medieval Oligarchy
Locke: The Liberal Democracy

Marx: The Communism

By emphasizing the primacy of sense perceptions, what kind of logical reasoning process did Locke promote?

The Inductive Reasoning

What are Locke's three arguments against the Cartesian Cogito?

1. Self-awareness must come from somewhere

2. Children and mentally disabled people don’t have it

3. It is contrary to observation

Locke believed that reality is  _____ apart from sense perceptions.

Unreachable

According to Locke, what are the two types of essences?

1) Real Essence

2) Nominal Essence

According to Locke, what are the two types of qualities in the objects?

1. Primary/Objective

2. Secondary/Subjective

What are the three social implications of Lockean thought?

1. Egalitarianism

2. Importance of Education

3. Tolerance

What are the dates of Nietzsche's birth and death?

1844 - 1900

What is the name of Nietzsche's first book, in which he argued that the ancient Greeks were attempting to reconcile the Apollonian and the Dionysian elements in their life?

The Birth of Tragedy

What is the name of the theological school that originated Higher Criticism, which Nietzsche attacks in his Anti-Christ as the representative of rationalistic Christianity?

Tubingen

When Nietzsche proclaims the death of God, he calls not for the death of the God of the Bible, but what God?

God of the Philosophers

What is the Kantian term for this "God"?

“thing in itself”

What is the Parmenidean term for this "God"?

Being

What does Nietzsche say is the instrument of the murder?

Human Reason

What is the nature of "pity" that characterizes rationalistic Christianity?

It harbors a sense of misery without desire to change

List the four characteristics of Nietzsche's "slave morality."

1. Herd Morality

2. Utilitarian

3. Negative

4. Weak

What is the French term Nietzsche uses to describe slave morality, which is equivalent to the biblical notion of guilt, fear, and shame?

Resentiment

What is the name of the group of men that are characterized by contempt and complacency?

The Last Men

What is Nietzsche's idea that life is nothing but an endless, repetitious cycle of the same events?

The Eternal Return of the same

List the three characteristics of "master-morality."

1. Noble

2. Value-Creating

3. Affirmation

What is Nietzsche's name for the force that overcomes slave-morality through trans-valuation?

The Will to Power

What is Nietzsche's name for one that is characterized by the above force and able to overcome slave-morality?

The Overman