[ENG 202] Chemistry Laboratory finals Flashcards

Comparison of Chemical and Nuclear Reactions:
No new elements can be produced, only new chemical compounds

Chemical Reaction

Comparison of Chemical and Nuclear Reactions:

Usually only the outermost electrons participate in these reactions

Chemical Reaction

Comparison of Chemical and Nuclear Reactions:

Release or absorb much smaller amounts of energy

Chemical Reaction

Comparison of Chemical and Nuclear Reactions:

Rates of reaction depend on factors such as concentration, pressure, temperature, and catalysts

Chemical Reaction

Comparison of Chemical and Nuclear Reactions:

Elements may be converted from one element to another

Nuclear Reaction

Comparison of Chemical and Nuclear Reactions:

Particles within the nucleus, such as protons and neutrons, are involved in these reactions

Nuclear Reaction

Comparison of Chemical and Nuclear Reactions:

Release or absorb immense amounts of energy, typically 1000 times more

Nuclear Reaction

Fundamental Particles of Matter:

Electron (e^-)

Mass: 0.00054858 amu or 9.109x10^-28 g

Charge: 1-

Location: Outside the nucleus

Fundamental Particles of Matter:

Proton (p or p⁺)

Mass: 1.0073 amu or 1.673x10^-24 g

Charge: 1+

Location: Within the nucleus

Fundamental Particles of Matter:

Neutron (n or n^o)

Mass: 1.0087 amu or 1.676x10-24 g

Charge: None

Location: Within the nucleus

Binding Energy:

Low atomic numbers

atomic numbers from 1 to 20 are the most stable nuclides and have equal numbers of proton (Z) and neutrons (N)

Binding Energy:

Above atomic number 20

the most stable nuclides have more neutrons than protons (N>Z)

Binding Energy:

All nuclei with more than 83 protons

These heavy nuclei tend to undergo alpha emission and are radioactive

Binding Energy:

mass deficiency (Δm)

The difference between the sum of the masses of electrons, protons, and neutrons in the atom (calculated mass) and the actual measured mass of the atom

Binding Energy:

nuclear binding energy (BE)

the energy released if the nucleus of an atom was formed from initially separate protons and neutrons

Binding Energy:

Albert Einstein’s equation rewritten to calculate for binding energy

E = mc² to:

𝐵𝐸 = (Δ𝑚)𝑐²

where:

BE = nuclear binding energy

Δm = mass deficiency

c = the speed of light in a vacuum = 3.00 x 10⁸ m/s

Binding Energy:

Conversion factor for binding energy

1 megaelectron volt (MeV) = 1.60 x 10^-13 joules 

1 joule (J) = 1 kg·m²/s² 

1 atomic mass unit= 1 amu (or 1 u) = 1.66 x 10^-27 kg

Binding Energy:

Nuclear binding energies may be expressed as:

kilojoules/mole = atoms

kilojoules/gram = atoms

volts/nucleon = megaelectron

Water

the most important chemical compound in our daily lives.

Water

exhibits several characteristics that are important to it being the universal solvent

high polarity

Water has ____ ______ which could attract a wide variety of ions and molecules.

hydrates

One property of water is to form ______ with crystalline compounds without altering the chemical composition of the compound.

aluminum sulfate and sodium hydroxide

What reagent/s is/are used in test for solid impurities?

potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid

What reagent/s is/are used in test for organic matter?

nitric acid and silver nitrate

What reagent/s is/are used in test for chlorides?

ammonium oxalate and acetic acid

What reagent/s is/are used in test for calcium?

barium chloride and nitric acid

What reagent/s is/are used in test for sulfates?