SOAT

Atom

The basic unit of a chemical element, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Electron

A subatomic particle with a negative charge found in all atoms; a fundamental component of atoms.

Proton

A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutron

A neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

Dalton's Atomic Theory

The first scientific theory of atomic structure, proposing that atoms are indivisible and that compounds are combinations of different types of atoms.

Cathode Ray Tube

A device in which electric currents are passed through a gas at low pressure, leading to the discovery of electrons.

Thomson Model of Atom

A model proposed by J.J. Thomson that describes the atom as a uniform sphere of positive charge with embedded electrons.

Rutherford Model of Atom

A model proposed by Ernest Rutherford which suggests that an atom consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons.

Bohr Model of Atom

A model proposed by Niels Bohr that describes electrons traveling in fixed orbits around the nucleus with quantized energy levels.

Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom

A model that describes the electron as a wave and incorporates the uncertainties in the position and momentum of electrons.

Aufbau Principle

The principle that electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals first.

Pauli Exclusion Principle

A principle stating that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.

Hund's Rule

The rule stating that electrons will fill degenerate orbitals singly before pairing up.

Quantum Numbers

Numbers that describe the properties of atomic orbitals and the electrons in those orbitals, including the principal, azimuthal, and magnetic quantum numbers.

Wave-Particle Duality

The concept that every particle or quantum entity may be described as either a particle or a wave.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

A principle stating that it is impossible to know simultaneously the exact position and exact momentum of a particle.

De Broglie Relation

A relation demonstrating that all matter exhibits wave-like properties, represented by the formula λ = h/p.

Photoelectric Effect

The emission of electrons from a material when it is exposed to light.

Atomic Orbital

A mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom.

Electronic Configuration

A notation that signifies the arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbitals.

Nucleus

The positively charged center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.

Ionic Bond

A type of chemical bond formed through the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Valence Electrons

The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that are involved in chemical bonding.

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound.

Compound

A substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together.

Periodic Table

An arrangement of chemical elements organized by their atomic number, electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties.

Atomic Mass

The weighted average mass of an element's isotopes, measured in atomic mass units (amu).

Isotope

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Chemical Reaction

A process that involves the transformation of one set of chemical substances into another, involving breaking and forming of bonds.

Fill in the blank: The ______________ is the basic unit of a chemical element.

Atom

Fill in the blank: A subatomic particle with a negative charge is called an ______________.

Electron

Fill in the blank: The positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus is known as a ______________.

Proton

Fill in the blank: A ______________ is a neutral subatomic particle located in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutron

Fill in the blank: ______________'s Atomic Theory proposed that atoms are indivisible and compounds are combinations of different types of atoms.

Dalton

Fill in the blank: The ______________ is a device that led to the discovery of electrons by passing electric currents through a gas.

Cathode Ray Tube

Fill in the blank: The model proposed by J.J. Thomson describes the atom as a uniform sphere of positive charge with embedded ______________.

Electrons

Fill in the blank: The ______________ model proposed by Ernest Rutherford suggests that an atom has a small dense nucleus surrounded by electrons.

Rutherford

Fill in the blank: In the Bohr Model, electrons travel in fixed ______________ around the nucleus.

Orbits

Fill in the blank: The ______________ principle states that electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals first.

Aufbau

Fill in the blank: According to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, no two electrons can have the same set of four ______________.

Quantum numbers

Fill in the blank: ______________'s Rule indicates that electrons will fill degenerate orbitals singly before pairing up.

Hund

Fill in the blank: ______________ describe the properties of atomic orbitals and the electrons within them.

Quantum numbers

Fill in the blank: The concept of ______________ suggests that particles can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.

Wave-Particle Duality

Fill in the blank: The ______________ Uncertainty Principle states you cannot know both the exact position and momentum of a particle simultaneously.

Heisenberg

Fill in the blank: The ______________ Relation shows that all matter exhibits wave-like properties, represented by λ = h/p.

De Broglie

Fill in the blank: The ______________ Effect refers to the emission of electrons from a material when it is exposed to light.

Photoelectric

Fill in the blank: An ______________ Orbital is a mathematical description of the wave-like behavior of electrons in an atom.

Atomic

Fill in the blank: The ______________ Configuration indicates the arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbitals.

Electronic

Fill in the blank: The atomic mass is measured in ______________ mass units (amu).

Atomic

Fill in the blank: A ______________ is a substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together.

Compound