PR1 (Definition, importance, kinds of research, types of data, sampling and ethics of research)

Basic Research

-contributes by advancing knowledge or understanding as well as theoretical understanding or academic thinking within a particular discipline

Applied Research

-uses knowledge acquired through research to contribute directly to the understanding or resolution of any contemporary issue
-experimental in nature

Exploratory research

seek to test feasibility; scope out magnitude/extent of the phenomenon

Descriptive research

make careful observations and detailed documentation

Explanatory research

seeks to explain phenomena

Inductive research

theory building; based on facts/observed evidences: qualitative research

Deductive research

theory testing; draws conclusions about a phenomenon/behavior: quantitative research

Research design

a blueprint for collection, processing measurement, and analysis of data

Research methods

techniques and tools for gathering data/evidence

Research methodology

bridges ontological and epistemological assumptions

Data

any information that has been observed and collected to validate research findings and use as bases for drawing conclusions

Primary data

provide raw and first-hand information
observation
interview
questionnaire

Non-participant observation

when the researcher observes behavior without participating in that behavior

participant observation

the observer takes part in the situation being observed while carrying out the research

Hawthorne effect

Individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed.

Focus Group Discussions (FGD)

gather participants from similar backgrounds or experiences to discuss a specific topic or phenomenon

structured interview

questions are prepared; predetermined questions

unstructured interview

no predetermined list of questions; follows the flow of the interview

Semi-structured interview

has predetermined questions but doesn't necessarily follow

Questionnaire

set of questions for gathering info

Secondary data

data that are usually second-hand information, discussion, and analysis from other writers and researchers.
(books, thesis, dissertation, etc.)

Population (N)

a large collection of individuals that have a common characteristic or trait and are the main focus of a scientific query

Sample size (n)

the subset of the population being studied. It represents the larger population and is used to draw inferences about the population.

Slovin's Formula

Probability sampling

has equal probability of being chosen

Simple random sampling

each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Systematic random sampling

A method of sampling in which sample elements are selected from a list

Stratified random sampling

sample represents specific subgroups or strata(section/batch)

cluster random sampling

dividing the total population into groups (or clusters), then using simple random sampling to select which clusters participate; all observations in a selected cluster are included in the sample

Non probability sampling

uses nonrandomized methods to draw a sample

Convenience sampling

includes the individuals who happen to be most accessible to the researcher.

Purposive sampling

a group of non-probability sampling techniques in which units are selected because they have characteristics that you need in your sample.

Quota sampling

it relies on the non-random selection of a predetermined number or proportion of units

Snowball sampling

A recruitment technique in which research participants are asked to assist researchers in identifying other potential subjects.

Ethics

standards for conduct that distinguish between right and wrong

Ethical principles of research

guidelines for the responsible conduct of research

Respect for persons

-Participants/respondents/subjects should voluntarily agree to participate/join the research (consent form)
-They must be provided with complete information about the research process and decide on their own whether to voluntarily participate or not
-Young children, people who are very ill, or those with mental disabilities.
> These people cannot decide on their own: if they need to involve them in research, their parents or guardians will sign on their behalf.

Beneficence

>Doing no harm
>Researchers have a moral duty to promote the course of action that they believe is in the best interests of the participants,respondents,subjects

Justice

>justice in research means being fair in the recruitment of participants
>never include people that are vulnerable and less able to decline participating,because they scared of saying 'no'

confidentiality

identity remains secret

Anonymity

not known to researchers