PR1 (Definition, importance, kinds of research, types of data, sampling and ethics of research)

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Basic Research

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-contributes by advancing knowledge or understanding as well as theoretical understanding or academic thinking within a particular discipline

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Applied Research

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-uses knowledge acquired through research to contribute directly to the understanding or resolution of any contemporary issue
-experimental in nature

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41 Terms

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Basic Research

-contributes by advancing knowledge or understanding as well as theoretical understanding or academic thinking within a particular discipline

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Applied Research

-uses knowledge acquired through research to contribute directly to the understanding or resolution of any contemporary issue
-experimental in nature

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Exploratory research

seek to test feasibility; scope out magnitude/extent of the phenomenon

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Descriptive research

make careful observations and detailed documentation

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Explanatory research

seeks to explain phenomena

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Inductive research

theory building; based on facts/observed evidences: qualitative research

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Deductive research

theory testing; draws conclusions about a phenomenon/behavior: quantitative research

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Research design

a blueprint for collection, processing measurement, and analysis of data

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Research methods

techniques and tools for gathering data/evidence

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Research methodology

bridges ontological and epistemological assumptions

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Data

any information that has been observed and collected to validate research findings and use as bases for drawing conclusions

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Primary data

provide raw and first-hand information
observation
interview
questionnaire

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Non-participant observation

when the researcher observes behavior without participating in that behavior

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participant observation

the observer takes part in the situation being observed while carrying out the research

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Hawthorne effect

Individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed.

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Focus Group Discussions (FGD)

gather participants from similar backgrounds or experiences to discuss a specific topic or phenomenon

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structured interview

questions are prepared; predetermined questions

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unstructured interview

no predetermined list of questions; follows the flow of the interview

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Semi-structured interview

has predetermined questions but doesn't necessarily follow

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Questionnaire

set of questions for gathering info

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Secondary data

data that are usually second-hand information, discussion, and analysis from other writers and researchers.
(books, thesis, dissertation, etc.)

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Population (N)

a large collection of individuals that have a common characteristic or trait and are the main focus of a scientific query

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Sample size (n)

the subset of the population being studied. It represents the larger population and is used to draw inferences about the population.

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Slovin's Formula

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Probability sampling

has equal probability of being chosen

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Simple random sampling

each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

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Systematic random sampling

A method of sampling in which sample elements are selected from a list

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Stratified random sampling

sample represents specific subgroups or strata(section/batch)

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cluster random sampling

dividing the total population into groups (or clusters), then using simple random sampling to select which clusters participate; all observations in a selected cluster are included in the sample

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Non probability sampling

uses nonrandomized methods to draw a sample

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Convenience sampling

includes the individuals who happen to be most accessible to the researcher.

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Purposive sampling

a group of non-probability sampling techniques in which units are selected because they have characteristics that you need in your sample.

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Quota sampling

it relies on the non-random selection of a predetermined number or proportion of units

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Snowball sampling

A recruitment technique in which research participants are asked to assist researchers in identifying other potential subjects.

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Ethics

standards for conduct that distinguish between right and wrong

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Ethical principles of research

guidelines for the responsible conduct of research

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Respect for persons

-Participants/respondents/subjects should voluntarily agree to participate/join the research (consent form)
-They must be provided with complete information about the research process and decide on their own whether to voluntarily participate or not
-Young children, people who are very ill, or those with mental disabilities.
> These people cannot decide on their own: if they need to involve them in research, their parents or guardians will sign on their behalf.

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Beneficence

>Doing no harm
>Researchers have a moral duty to promote the course of action that they believe is in the best interests of the participants,respondents,subjects

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Justice

>justice in research means being fair in the recruitment of participants
>never include people that are vulnerable and less able to decline participating,because they scared of saying 'no'

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confidentiality

identity remains secret

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Anonymity

not known to researchers