p.e

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

Rt. Atrium, Rt. Ventricle, Lt. Atrium, Lt. Ventricle

What is the function of the right atrium?

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cava

What is the function of the right ventricle?

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

What is the function of the left atrium?

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

What is the function of the left ventricle?

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta

What do heart valves do?

Prevent backflow of blood

Name the four heart valves.

Tricuspid, Bicuspid (Mitral), Pulmonary valve, Aortic valve

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right?

It pumps blood all around the body and needs more force

List the full pathway of blood through the heart and lungs.

Vena cava → Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary valve → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Bicuspid valve → Left ventricle → Aortic valve → Aorta → Body

What is the function of arteries?

Carry blood away from the heart (usually oxygenated)

What is the structure of arteries?

Thick muscular walls, small lumen, high pressure

What is the function of veins?

Carry blood toward the heart (usually deoxygenated)

What is the structure of veins?

Thin walls, large lumen, contain valves to prevent backflow

What is the function of capillaries?

Allow gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues

What is the structure of capillaries?

Tiny, one-cell-thick walls

What do red blood cells do?

Carry oxygen using haemoglobin

What do white blood cells do?

Fight infection; part of the immune system

What do platelets do?

Help blood clot

What does plasma do?

Transports CO₂, nutrients, hormones, urea; liquid portion of blood

What is stroke volume?

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat

What is heart rate?

Number of heartbeats per minute

What is cardiac output?

Total amount of blood pumped per minute

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume

Give an example using the cardiac output formula.

If HR = 70 bpm and SV = 70 mL → CO = 70 × 70 = 4900 mL/min (4.9 L/min)

What is aerobic respiration?

Respiration using oxygen to release energy

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + energy

When is aerobic respiration used?

During long-duration, steady exercise (e.g., jogging)

What are the by-products of aerobic respiration?

Carbon dioxide and water

What is anaerobic respiration?

Respiration without oxygen; releases less energy

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

Glucose → Lactic acid + little energy

When is anaerobic respiration used?

Short bursts of intense activity (e.g., sprinting)

What is the by-product of anaerobic respiration?

Lactic acid – causes muscle fatigue