AP psych people

Alfred Alder

Alfred Alder

social creatures governed by social urges; struggle to overcome imperfections; drive for competence, completion and mastery of shortcomings

Ainsworth

to see how babies react when their mother returns after a brief separation

Gordon Allport

study traits specific to most members of a culture; a person’s unique qualities; traits so basic to personality all activity traced back to it; building blocks to personality; studied root of different types of prejudice

Anne Anastasi

traits influenced by learning and heredity

Solomon Asch

group of students at a table, all but one are actors who give the wrong answer about a third of the time when matching sizes of lines

Albert Bandura

conditioning and learning, aggression, modeling, social learning theory

Aaron Beck

distortions in thinking that are negative and self-defeating, selective perception, over generalization, all-or-nothing thinking

Sandra Bem

Bem sex role inventory, androgyny, adaptability

Eric Berne

people have reasons to avoid advice or know more about their situation

Alfred Binet

made a test of intellectual questions then learned what an average student can answer at a certain age, reliability, validity, objective test, test standardization, norm

E.G. Boring

studied visual perception, ambiguous depiction of an old lady or young lady, boring figure, figure ground

Bowlby

actual patterns of family interaction involved in both healthy and pathological development; attachment behavior essential; maladaptive children; secure attachments; estrangement

Calhoun

people and their role in politics and its effects on globalization; the impact of technological changes on communication; social theory; morality; globalization

Cartwright

dreams are “feeling statements” and the emotional tone is a major clue to meaning; try to change dreams; lucid dreaming

James Cattel

established psychology as a true physical science and helped to establish mental testing, psychology

Raymond Cattell

identified 16 source traits (groups of surface traits) and graphs a picture of personalities to compare. Universal traits: extroversion, agreeableness, conscientious, neuroticism, openness to experience; surface traits; source traits; trait profile; five-factor model

Noam Chomsky

hereditary readiness to develop language, language patterns inborn, biological predisposition, transformation rules

JeanMartine Charcot

founder of modern neurology and found many eponyms, neurology

Darley & Latane

the more potential helpers present the less likely people are to help, bystander apathy

Charles Darwin

Emotional expressions are carryover from human evolution to communicate feelings that aid survival, social context

William Dement

REM rebound, REM sleep

Dollard and Miller

habits make up structure of personality, habit, cues, response, reward

Herman Ebbinghaus

memorized nonsense syllables and then waited various lengths before testing his memory, curve of forgetting

Ekman & Friesen

Cultural learning affects meaning of gestures, kinesics, body language

Albert Ellis

people become unhappy and develop self defeating habits because they have unrealistic of faulty beliefs, rational-emotive behavior therapy, activating experience, emotional consequences

Erik Erikson

face specific psychosocial dilemma or crisis at each stage of life

Hans Eyesenck

long term memory contains everything you know about the world, nearly limitless, more you know the easier to add info, long term memory, working memory, short term memory

Festinger & Carlsmith

cognitive dissonance theory, justification

Leon Festinger

social comparison, downward comparison, upward comparison

Victor Frankl

logotherapy, logos

Anna Freud

ego, defense mechanisms, object relation, development

Sigmund Freud

wish fulfillment, psychodynamic theory, dream symbols, id, ego, superego, psychosexual stages

Friedman & Rosenman

Type A personalities, type B personalities

Eric Fromm

escape mechanisms

John Garcia

taste aversion, bait shyness

Howard Gardner

language, logic and math, visual/spatial, music, bodily kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalistic

Michael Gazzaniga

brain efficiency has as much to do with intelligence as size, split brain

Gesell

observed children, realized importance of nature and nurture because children adaptable, Gesell dome

Gibson & Walk

depth perception, visual cliff

Carol Gilligan

moral development, justice

G. Stanley Hall

examine childhood to view importance of inherited behavior, educational psychology

Harry Harlow

separate baby monkeys and replace surrogates some cold wire other soft fabric; infant chose soft; surrogate mother, contact comfort

Heider

self serve bias

Hilgard

dissociation, split awareness, hidden observer

Hobson & McCarley

brain cortex, activation-synthesis hypothesis

Holmes & Rahe

social readjustment rating, life changing units

Karen Horney

basic anxiety, mode of interacting

Clark L Hull

need, desire, drive

Izard

facial feedback hypothesis

William James

James-Lange theory, emotional feelings follow bodily arousal

Mary Cover Jones

conditioning, stimulus

Carl Jung

introvert, extrovert, persona, personal unconscious, collective unconscious, archetype

Kagan

physical core of personality: sensitivity, irritability, distractibility; modified by learning, temperament

Grace Helen Kent

psychiatric screening instrument that was one of the first to have objective scoring and objective norms, Kent-Rosanoff Free association test

Alfred Kinsey

verified instances of orgasms in boys at 5 months and girls at 4 months

Kurt Koffka

type of early learning that takes place after a consequence, imitation important and natural, sensorimotor learning

Lawrence Kohlberg

moral development, preconventional level, conventional level, post conventional level

Wolfgang Kohler

observed chimpanzees and their methods of problem solving, insight

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

5 basic emotional reactions to impending death: denial/isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Langer & Rodin

control benefitting health

Karl Lashley

taught animals to run mazes then removed parts of their brain to see how memory of maze changed, only matters amount not area taken, engram, memory trace

Kurt Lewin

interdependent of fate, task interdepence

Elizabeth Loftus

applied psychology

Konrad Lorenz

imprinting, ethologist

Marcia

theory of identity achievement, identity status interview

Abraham Maslow

hierarchy of human needs, basic needs, growth needs, meta needs, self actualization, self actualizer

Masters & Johnson

studied sexual intercourse and masturbation in 700 people, noticed phases: excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution

David McClelland

need for achievement, need for power

Margaret Mead

gender roles

Franz Mesmer

hypnosis, believed he could cure disease with magnets but actually relied on power of suggestion

Wolfgang Metzer

psychotherapy, assumption of a natural nonforced order in nature

Stanley Milgram

every time wrong must shock experimenter

Alice Miller

researched effects of mental and sexual abuse and the effects it has into adulthood, how it effects society as a whole

Walter Mischel

traits interact with situations to determine how to act, trait-situation interaction

Ivan Pavlov

neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response

Fritz Perls

emotional health comes from taking full responsibility for actions and feelings, gestalt therapy

Jean Piaget

assimilation, accommodation, sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operations stage

V.I. Ramachandran

senses divide world into basic stimulus patterns, perceptual analysis

Rescorla

brain learns to expect the unconditioned stimulus will follow conditioned stimulus, expectancies

Carl Rogers

fully functioning person lives in harmony with deepest feelings and impulses; trust inner urges/intuition, self, self image, incongruence, ideal self

Hermann Rorschach

inkblots

Rosenhan

committed themselves to mental hospitals with diagnosis of schizophrenia and then dropped pretense of illness but staff never noticed

Rosenthal & Jacobson

self-fulfilling prophecy

Julian Rotter

personality represents an interaction of the individual with their environment, social learning theory

Daniel Schacter

gaps in memory that are common may be filled with logic, guessing, or new information; inaccurate witness

Stanley Schacter

attributed feelings to movie, Schacter’s cognitive theory

Seligman

learned helplessness, depression

Seligman & Maier

dogs and learned helplessness

Hans Selye

series of bodies reactions to prolonged stress, general adaption syndrome, alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion

Margaret Singer

studied former cult members, brainwashing

B.F. Skinner

skinner’s box, conditioning chamber, operant reinforcement, positive reinforcement

Smith & Glass

375 controlled evaluations concluded that psychotherapy worked best for personality changes

Spanos

hypnotized, dissociated states, cognitive

Charles Spearman

g-factor, pioneer of factor analysis, disparate cognitive test scores reflect only one general factor

Roger Sperry

split brain operation

Robert Sternberg

impact of prolonged stress

Thomas Szasz

believed that mental illnesses were fake diseases

Louis Terman

followed kids with IQs of 140 and corrected misconceptions about adulthood

Edward Thorndike

acts that are reinforced tend to be repeated, law of effect

L.L. Thurstone

developed new factor analysis techniques with no observable variables