used to determine time of death 98.4- recorded temp/1.5hr
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Does the glaister equation work for all ambient temperatures?
No. Other outside factors matter like if the body was outside in the sun.
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What are the steps to experimental design?
Hypothesis
Experiment
Analyze data
Conclusion
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Dependent and independent variable
Dependent: what is changing or being measured because of the independent Independent: gets changed, being manipulated by the experimenter
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Algor mortis
The reduction of body temp after death
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Rigor mortis
Body stiffens after death
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Lividity
Discoloration such as bruises
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PPE
Personal Protective Equipment minimizes exposure to hazards
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Control group
Basis, doesn't change; what the experiment is compared to
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Forensic science
Gathering and examining information to use in a court of law.
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Biomedical science
Study of sciences from a clinical perspective. (anatomy, physiology)
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What shape is a blood drop if it falls from 90 degrees?
circular, NOT oblong/oval
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What is DNA?
Double helix responsible for inherited traits. Made from billions of base pairs bonded together to a sugar phosphate back bone.
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Which base pairs bond together?
A + T (adenine and thymine) G + C (guanine and cytosine)
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Which base pairs are purines and pyrimidines?
purines\= A + G pyrimidines\= C + T
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How do scientists isolate DNA to study it?
DNA can be extracted from cells by using detergent to break down the cells nuclear membrane and adding isopropyl alcohol to separate the DNA from the rest of the cell materials.
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What are restriction enzymes?
They cut DNA.
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What is restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP's)?
The different lengths of DNA after being cut that vary person to person.
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What is gel electrophoresis?
Separates DNA by length. It is pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores. Compares an unknown DNA to a known DNA.
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What direction does RFLPs move?
Negative to positive because DNA is negative.
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Which RFLPs move the farthest?
Small fragments
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4 circumstances autopsies are preformed
Foul play, no witnesses, when manner and cause of death cannot be determined
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Who performs autopsies?
Medical examiner
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Function of urinary system
Kidneys and bladder Eliminates waste from body and regulates water balance
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Function of nervous system
Brain and spinal chord Responds to internal and external changes
By court order or to send information to the health census.
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Type 1 diabetes
Body does not make insulin. Requires insulin shots.
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Type 2 diabetes
Body is resistant to insulin. Body produces so much from being overweight
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How is glucose tolerance testing used to diagnose diabetes?
Testing blood samples every 30 minutes after drinking a high glucose drink.
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What is the relationship between insulin and glucose?
Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas. It's job is to allow glucose to enter the cells. Insulin attaches to receptors on the cell membrane which signals the glucose transporter to open the glucose channels.
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Homeostasis
Regulating of the bodies internal temperature
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Positive feedback
Increases the body's response i.e. childbirth, blood clotting
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Negative feedback
Decreases the body's response i.e. thirst, output of glucose
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Chemical indicator for starch/ what color does it turn
Iodine solution/ purple
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Chemical indicator for sugar/ what color does it turn
Benedicts solution/ yellow
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Chemical indicator for protein/ what color does it turn
Biuret's Reagent/violet or pinkish
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What does a diabetics diet consist of?
High protein/ low carbs and sugar
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What do carbohydrates do in the body?
Main source of energy
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What does glucose do in the body?
Produces ATP (used for energy)
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What do proteins do in the body?
Build and repair muscle
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What do lipids do for the body?
Supply energy and provide material for cell membrane.
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Dehydration synthesis
Removes water; Releases energy Creates larger molecules (polymers) from monomers
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Hydrolysis
Splits water; Requires energy Breaks larger molecules(polymers) down into its building blocks.
White blood cell Fights foreign diseases and infections
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Common name and function of thrombocyte
Platelet Helps with blood clotting
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Function of plasma
Where red and white blood cells are suspended
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Describe blood flow if red blood cells are sickled
Blood does not flow through smoothly and creates blood clots
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What is a hematocrit?
The ratio of red blood cells to blood / measured by centrifuge.
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3 potential treatments for sickle cell
Blood transfusions Antibiotics Hydroxyurea
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Transcription
Synthesis of RNA from a strand of DNA *when transcribing, change a to u
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Translation
mRNA into proteins
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What determines the shape of a protein?
Where the DNA folds, by its surroundings, hydrophobicity
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What do hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids do in water?
Hydrophobic fold Hydrophilic absorb
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What do hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids do in oil?
Hydrophobic absorb Hydrophilic fold
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Point mutation
Changes one letter which only changes the codon, ex Changes glutamic acid (hydrophobic) to valine (hydrophilic)
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Frameshift mutation
Deletes or adds a base which shifts every codon in the dna
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Mitosis
1 chromosome into 2 Creates 2 identical sets of chromosomes
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Meiosis
1 chromosome into 4 The 2 daughter cells divide again to form 4 haploid gametes Reproduction
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What is a chromosome?
Structure in the nucleus that are composed of DNA wrapped around a protein core.
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How many chromosomes are in human body cells?
46 (23 pairs)
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How many chromosomes are in human reproductive cells?
23
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Male genotype
XY
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Female genotype
XX
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Female on pedigree
Circle
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Male of pedigree
square
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Is sickle cell dominant or recessive?
Recessive
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Veins
Bring blood to heart Thin walls
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Arteries
Take blood away from heart Thick walls
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Sphygmomanometer
Determines blood pressure
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EKG
Electrocardiogram Measures electricity within the heart
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Systolic
Top number Pressure in arteries as the ventricles contract and the chambers are emptying
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Diastolic
Bottom number Pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxed and the chambers are filling with blood
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Normal blood pressure
120/80
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Is phosphate negative or positive?
negative
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P wave
Signal passes from SA NODE to AV NODE Atria depolarizing
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QRS interval
Signal passes from AV NODE through PURKINJE FIBERS and the ventricles contract Ventricle depolarizing and atria repolarizing
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T wave
The ventricles repolarize and the heart is relaxed
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Cholesterol
Made by the liver; helps protect the skin and nerve cells function and detoxify blood.
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LDL
Low density Lipoprotein Carries cholesterol through blood to the tissues- if there is too much it stays in the blood Raises risk of heart disease Creates plaque (hypercholesterolemia)
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HDL
High density lipoprotein Picks up cholesterol from blood and takes it to liver to be removed from the body Lowers risk of heart disease Reduces vessel blockages
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Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Dominant autosomal genetic disorder (Occurs when a person inherits a dominant allele from one parent) High levels of LDL plaque buildup in arteries
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Heart attack
Myocardial infarction
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Metabolic syndrome
Group of risk factors that lead to heart attacks/disease and diabetes. Ex: high blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure
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Angiogram
Detects a blocked blood vessel. A radioactive dye is injected to the blood and X-rays are used to view it.
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Angioplasty
A balloon is inserted by a catheter an blown up to expand the artery and restore blood flow.
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Stent
Wire mesh inserted into the artery and compresses the plaque and remains in the body.
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Coronary artery bypass graft
A vessel in the leg is taken and inserted into the heart to bypass the clogged artery and restore blood flow.
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