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5 steps to crime scene investigation
secure crime scene
label evidence, draw
take photos
collect evidence
conduct interviews
3 primary fingerprint ridge patterns
arch, whorl, and loops
What is the glaister equation?
used to determine time of death 98.4- recorded temp/1.5hr
Does the glaister equation work for all ambient temperatures?
No. Other outside factors matter like if the body was outside in the sun.
What are the steps to experimental design?
Hypothesis
Experiment
Analyze data
Conclusion
Dependent and independent variable
Dependent: what is changing or being measured because of the independent Independent: gets changed, being manipulated by the experimenter
Algor mortis
The reduction of body temp after death
Rigor mortis
Body stiffens after death
Lividity
Discoloration such as bruises
PPE
Personal Protective Equipment minimizes exposure to hazards
Control group
Basis, doesn't change; what the experiment is compared to
Forensic science
Gathering and examining information to use in a court of law.
Biomedical science
Study of sciences from a clinical perspective. (anatomy, physiology)
What shape is a blood drop if it falls from 90 degrees?
circular, NOT oblong/oval
What is DNA?
Double helix responsible for inherited traits. Made from billions of base pairs bonded together to a sugar phosphate back bone.
Which base pairs bond together?
A + T (adenine and thymine) G + C (guanine and cytosine)
Which base pairs are purines and pyrimidines?
purines= A + G pyrimidines= C + T
How do scientists isolate DNA to study it?
DNA can be extracted from cells by using detergent to break down the cells nuclear membrane and adding isopropyl alcohol to separate the DNA from the rest of the cell materials.
What are restriction enzymes?
They cut DNA.
What is restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP's)?
The different lengths of DNA after being cut that vary person to person.
What is gel electrophoresis?
Separates DNA by length. It is pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores. Compares an unknown DNA to a known DNA.
What direction does RFLPs move?
Negative to positive because DNA is negative.
Which RFLPs move the farthest?
Small fragments
4 circumstances autopsies are preformed
Foul play, no witnesses, when manner and cause of death cannot be determined
Who performs autopsies?
Medical examiner
Function of urinary system
Kidneys and bladder Eliminates waste from body and regulates water balance
Function of nervous system
Brain and spinal chord Responds to internal and external changes
Endocrine system
Pancreas Secretes hormones that regulate body
Digestive system
Stomach and intestines Breaks down food
Respiratory system
Lungs Carries oxygen through the body and blood
Cardiovascular system
Heart and blood Pumps blood around body
Immune system
Attacks foreign substances in the body
5 manners of death
Homicide, suicide, undetermined, natural, accidental
When can HIPAA be legally violated?
By court order or to send information to the health census.
Type 1 diabetes
Body does not make insulin. Requires insulin shots.
Type 2 diabetes
Body is resistant to insulin. Body produces so much from being overweight
How is glucose tolerance testing used to diagnose diabetes?
Testing blood samples every 30 minutes after drinking a high glucose drink.
What is the relationship between insulin and glucose?
Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas. It's job is to allow glucose to enter the cells. Insulin attaches to receptors on the cell membrane which signals the glucose transporter to open the glucose channels.
Homeostasis
Regulating of the bodies internal temperature
Positive feedback
Increases the body's response i.e. childbirth, blood clotting
Negative feedback
Decreases the body's response i.e. thirst, output of glucose
Chemical indicator for starch/ what color does it turn
Iodine solution/ purple
Chemical indicator for sugar/ what color does it turn
Benedicts solution/ yellow
Chemical indicator for protein/ what color does it turn
Biuret's Reagent/violet or pinkish
What does a diabetics diet consist of?
High protein/ low carbs and sugar
What do carbohydrates do in the body?
Main source of energy
What does glucose do in the body?
Produces ATP (used for energy)
What do proteins do in the body?
Build and repair muscle
What do lipids do for the body?
Supply energy and provide material for cell membrane.
Dehydration synthesis
Removes water; Releases energy Creates larger molecules (polymers) from monomers
Hydrolysis
Splits water; Requires energy Breaks larger molecules(polymers) down into its building blocks.
5 complications of diabetes
Nerve damage, kidney damage, blindness, foot damage, cardiovascular disease
Hyperglycemia
Higher than normal blood sugar
hypoglycemia
lower than normal blood sugar
Common name and function of an erythrocyte
Red blood cell Carry oxygen in the blood
Common name and function of an leucocyte
White blood cell Fights foreign diseases and infections
Common name and function of thrombocyte
Platelet Helps with blood clotting
Function of plasma
Where red and white blood cells are suspended
Describe blood flow if red blood cells are sickled
Blood does not flow through smoothly and creates blood clots
What is a hematocrit?
The ratio of red blood cells to blood / measured by centrifuge.
3 potential treatments for sickle cell
Blood transfusions Antibiotics Hydroxyurea
Transcription
Synthesis of RNA from a strand of DNA *when transcribing, change a to u
Translation
mRNA into proteins
What determines the shape of a protein?
Where the DNA folds, by its surroundings, hydrophobicity
What do hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids do in water?
Hydrophobic fold Hydrophilic absorb
What do hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids do in oil?
Hydrophobic absorb Hydrophilic fold
Point mutation
Changes one letter which only changes the codon, ex Changes glutamic acid (hydrophobic) to valine (hydrophilic)
Frameshift mutation
Deletes or adds a base which shifts every codon in the dna
Mitosis
1 chromosome into 2 Creates 2 identical sets of chromosomes
Meiosis
1 chromosome into 4 The 2 daughter cells divide again to form 4 haploid gametes Reproduction
What is a chromosome?
Structure in the nucleus that are composed of DNA wrapped around a protein core.
How many chromosomes are in human body cells?
46 (23 pairs)
How many chromosomes are in human reproductive cells?
23
Male genotype
XY
Female genotype
XX
Female on pedigree
Circle
Male of pedigree
square
Is sickle cell dominant or recessive?
Recessive
Veins
Bring blood to heart Thin walls
Arteries
Take blood away from heart Thick walls
Sphygmomanometer
Determines blood pressure
EKG
Electrocardiogram Measures electricity within the heart
Systolic
Top number Pressure in arteries as the ventricles contract and the chambers are emptying
Diastolic
Bottom number Pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxed and the chambers are filling with blood
Normal blood pressure
120/80
Is phosphate negative or positive?
negative
P wave
Signal passes from SA NODE to AV NODE Atria depolarizing
QRS interval
Signal passes from AV NODE through PURKINJE FIBERS and the ventricles contract Ventricle depolarizing and atria repolarizing
T wave
The ventricles repolarize and the heart is relaxed
Cholesterol
Made by the liver; helps protect the skin and nerve cells function and detoxify blood.
LDL
Low density Lipoprotein Carries cholesterol through blood to the tissues- if there is too much it stays in the blood Raises risk of heart disease Creates plaque (hypercholesterolemia)
HDL
High density lipoprotein Picks up cholesterol from blood and takes it to liver to be removed from the body Lowers risk of heart disease Reduces vessel blockages
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Dominant autosomal genetic disorder (Occurs when a person inherits a dominant allele from one parent) High levels of LDL plaque buildup in arteries
Heart attack
Myocardial infarction
Metabolic syndrome
Group of risk factors that lead to heart attacks/disease and diabetes. Ex: high blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure
Angiogram
Detects a blocked blood vessel. A radioactive dye is injected to the blood and X-rays are used to view it.
Angioplasty
A balloon is inserted by a catheter an blown up to expand the artery and restore blood flow.
Stent
Wire mesh inserted into the artery and compresses the plaque and remains in the body.
Coronary artery bypass graft
A vessel in the leg is taken and inserted into the heart to bypass the clogged artery and restore blood flow.
Pulmonary artery
Only artery that carries oxygenated blood.
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