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Educational Achievement
How well a student performs in school based on grades and test scores
Educational Attainment
The highest level of education a person has completed
Hidden Curriculum
Informal lessons in schools that teach norms values and behaviours such as obedience punctuality and competition
Correspondence Principle (Bowles & Gintis)
The idea that school structures mirror workplace structures, training students to accept hierarchy discipline and competition
Postsecondary Education
Education beyond high school including college and university
Non-Completion Rate
The proportion of people who do not complete high school
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
A measure of social class based on income education and occupation and the strongest predictor of educational outcomes
Summer Setback
The loss of academic skills over summer, especially among lower SES students
Cultural Capital (Bourdieu)
Non-financial resources such as knowledge behaviours and skills that provide advantages in education
School Entry Gap
Differences in school readiness between children from different SES backgrounds before schooling begins
Fundraising Gaps
Inequalities in school resources due to differences in parental ability to raise funds
Streaming
The practice of grouping students based on ability or expected educational path
Pygmalion Effect
When teacher expectations positively influence student performance
Stereotype Threat
Anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype that leads to lower performance
Stereotype Promise
Improved performance due to positive stereotypes about one’s group
Human Capital Theory
The idea that education develops skills that increase productivity and earnings
Credentialism (Randall Collins)
The emphasis on degrees as requirements for jobs regardless of actual skills
Overqualification
When a worker has more education or skills than their job requires
Social Reproduction
The process by which inequality is reproduced across generations through education
Meritocracy
The belief that success is based on ability and effort rather than social background
Socialization (education)
The process by which schools teach norms values and behaviours necessary for society