Skeletal System

Functions of bone

1. Supporting and protecting soft tissues
2. Attachment site for muscles
3. Storage of minerals, calcium, and phosphate
4. Blood cell production
5. Energy storage

Proximal Epiphysis

Diaphysis

Distal Epiphysis

Metaphysis including epiphyseal plate

Name the type of bone found here

Spongy bone

Name the type of bone found here

Compact bone

Medullary cavity

Articular cartilage

Endosteum

lining of marrow cavity

Periosteum

tough membrane covering bone but not the cartilage

4 types of cells in bone tissue

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Osteogenic cells

undergo cell division and develop into osteoblasts

Osteoblasts

bone-building cells

Osteocytes

mature bone cells and the principle cells of bone tissue

Osteoclasts

derived from monocytes and serve to break down bone tissue

Compact bone is arranged in units called

Osteons or Haversian systems

Osteons

contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and osteocytes along with the calcified matrix

How are osteons arranged in bone?

Osteons are aligned in the same direction along lines of stress

Compact bone

Looks like solid hard layer of bone; makes up the shaft of long bones and the external layer of all bones

Osteocytes are found in spaces called

Lacunae

Lamellae

concentric rings in an osteon

Canaliculi

osteocytes communicate through this; filled with extracellular fluid that connect one cell to the next

Lamella

Osteocyte

Central/Haversian Canal

Canaliculi

Spongy bone consists of:

Trabeculae and red marrow

Epiphyseal plate

where bone growth in length occurs

Bone Remodeling

the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

Bone deposition

undergone by osteoblasts; the growth of bone matrix

Bone resportion

undergone by osteoclasts; the dissolving of bone matrix

fracture

any break in a bone

closed reduction

restore pieces of bone to normal by manipulation/pressure

open reduction

realignment of bones during surgery

Greenstick fracture

a partial break that results in one side of the broken bone bending

impacted fracture

one side of fracture driven into the interior of the other side

Closed fracture

no break through the skin

Open/compound fracture

skin is broken

Comminuted fracture

broken ends of bones are fragmented

Pott's fracture

distal fibular fracture

Colles's Fracture

distal radial fracture

stress fracture

microscopic fissures from repeated strenuous activities

4 stages of fracture repair

1. formation of fracture hematoma
2. formation of fibrocartilagenous callus formation
3. formation of bony callus
4. bone remodeling

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

secreted if Ca+2 levels fall; is secreted from parathyroid gland; osteoclast activity increased

Calcitonin hormone

secreted cells in the thyroid if Ca+2 blood levels get too high; inhibits osteoclast activity; increases bone formation

Osteoporosis

decreased bone mass resulting in porous bones

orbit

Frontal Bone

Temporal bone

Sphenoid bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Nasal septum/Vomer

Maxilla

Mandible

Parietal Bone

Occipital Bone

Lacrimal Bone

Nasal Bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Zygomatic Bone

Frontal Bone

Sphenoid Bone

Frontal Bone

Parietal Bones

Occipital Bone

Sphenoid Bone

Ethmoid Bone

Cervical Vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae

Lumbar Vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

Sternum

Clavicle

Humerus

Scapula

Radius

Ulna

Carpals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Vertebrosternal

Ribs 1-7 also called the true ribs

Vertebrochondral

Ribs 8-12 also called false ribs

Costal cartilage

Type of hyaline cartilage that holds the ribs together; allows for the ribs to expand to breathe

Scoliosis

lateral bending of the column; S shaped spine

Kyphosis

exaggerated thoracic curve; hunched over

Lordosis

exaggerated lumbar curve; stomach sticks out

Function of red bone marrow

creating blood cells

Function of yellow bone marrow

storing fat and energy