prose paragraph plans

“othering/ sub-humanity” in Frankenstein - language

biblical allusions strip him of human benevolence - “filthy daemon”, wretch, vile insect, dehumanised - “ more hideous than belongs to humanity”

Reinforces inhumanity on a theological level

frankenstein othering / isolation through setting

Genevan countryside - “these sublime and natural scenes” / “bleak skies I hail, for they are kinder to me then your fellow beings, desert mountains and glaciers are my refuge” - physical separation from society

also suggests mans estrangement from nature - rupture between humanity and natural world ; retreating message of the ancient mariner

Never let me go - othering through language

linguistically denied humanity and ‘reified” - “ completion / donors”; euphemistic langauge - existence is purely functional

Never let me go - physical separation and othering

Englands lost corner / barbed wire fence - physically separated from the normals

Frankenstein - othering through narrative

Frame narrative and epistolary form denies monster narrative agency, his story is filtered through Walton and victor

Context to bring in for othering - romantic

Denounced social inequality and oppression - “natural liberty”

Believed there was a dangerous rupture between man and nature as a result of enlightenment rationalism

Marxist context for othering

Theory of commodification and the alienation of the proletariat ; bodies are not their own but actually functions of the bourgeois

Frankenstein - transgressive creation

“Penetrate nature “ - idea of obstruction and forcefulness against the natural world

Aligns him with promethean archetype ; defying divine authority ; further reinforced by Monsters miltonic frameowkr - victor is playing god yet without his divine mercy or responsibility

Frankenstein scientific context

Galvanism , debates between vitalism and materialism / enlightenment rationalism

NLMG - transgressive creation

Framed in utilitarian logic - lives justified by their function - “ you donate your organs, that is what each of you was created to do”, warning of moral responsibility being replaced by functionality

Stripped of spiritual dignity - we had to see if you had souls at all - replacement of religion with rationalism

Frank - consequences of oppression

Lead to explosive and destructive violence , framed in viscerally emotive and violent gothic convention - narrative arc of action and reaction “insatiable revenge” , “my enemy is not invulnerable ; I too, can create desolation”, rejecting his subservience , equaliser / active voice reinforcing his activeness.

Externalised violence in gothic horror

LINK TO FR REVOLUTION

NLMG - consequence of inaction

Internalised stylistic restraint - quiet, disturbing horror

Passive acceptance - Tommy’s breakdown / Ruth at end

Incapable of even conceptualising rebellion or injustice

“We thought it made sense”

Modern gothic - unease

Transgressive scientific creation - link to irresponsibility

Frank - “ one mans life or death were but a small price to pay” - enlightenment raitonalism has led to moral collapse ; promethean archetype without divine responsibility

NLMG - Morningdale - when does science go to far- post-englightenment disillusionment - science no longer exciting but coldly administrative ; complicity as passive repsonsibility

Identity - both novels present how identity is pieced together using emotional and intellectual tools but is ultimately denied

Frank - books

NLMG - hailsham, possibles and art

Emotional capacity as a marker of humanity - Frankenstein

Shows deep emotional intelligence / foils victors cold obsession ; links to traditional ideas of the soul in humanist Christian tradition , criticised enlightenment idea that reason and knowledge define humanity ; romantic values emphasise emotion as key human traits

NLMG- emotional capacity as a marker of humanity

Kathy and tommys relationship, emotionally sensitive yet struggle to express their feeling - potential for emotional but denied expression ; post-humanist anxiety - if emotional life doesn’t guarantee protection what does? - Modern gothic, emotional alienation and dehumanisation through restraint and horrro

Illusion of choice - Frankenstein

Choices are illusionary - fate is pre-determined, actually shaped by his rejection and trauma - miltonic framework and original sin , romantic - Dow e have free will if we are born into rejection / key gothic tropes of fate overriding free will

Illusion of choice in NLMG

Defferalls - final chance of agency and free will ; emotional climax of their journey framed in vulnerability and longing , but bluntly rejected

Distopian tradition - systems appear benevolent but enforce oppression

Secularism ; society replacing spirituality with functionality

Clones represent a class without mobility - system pre-determines their purpose

Both novels presents mortality as a moral mirror

Questions victor playing god / questions society determines clones deaths are acceptable for the sacrifice of others wellbeing

Victor as a neglectful parent

Contrast against his own parents

Miltonic structure

Abandonment as a form of parental neglect

Guardians as warped parental figures

Longing for emotional comfort

Absence of nurture

Monster building character around his socialisation for society - originally benevolent - Rousseau noble savage - clones tabula rasa - role plays and have to pull from the media - sense of self is manufactured

language to “other”

Biblical othering , euphemism to other and reifyangaugl

language as a source of agency and its absence a form of repression, language as a social weapon

monsters novels - language as a way to claim agency and humanity, eloquence and sophistication contrast his monstrous perception

Tommys breakdown contrasts monsters articulate pain ; clones don’t rebel as they can’t conceptualise or express injustice - commodification / alienation of the porleatriat