Social psych ch. 13 - Intergroup Relations

prejudice

a negative attitude toward members of a group (affect)

stereotype

a generalized belief about members of group (cognition)

discrimination

a behavior directed towards people based on group membership

social identity theory

we want to feel good about ourselves and part of our identity comes from groups to which we long

realistic conflict theory

perceived competition over scarce resources leads to intergroup hostility and conflict

rationalizations for oppression

to retain status, powerful groups justify and rationalize prejudice against less powerful groups

tajfel & wilkes (1963)

participants judged line lengths

when lines were present some perceived them as similar or different

accentuation effect

exaggerate differences between groups

outgroup homogeneity effect

perceive more similarity among outgroups

less similarity among ingroups (ex. boomers vs. gen z)

minimal group effect

being assigned to an arbitrary group can lead to ingroup favoritism and outgroup prejudice

hamilton & gifford (1976)

ps read 39 sentences about two groups doing positive and negative behaviors (group A, group B)

this study demonstrated how people overemphasize negative behaviors of minority groups, leading to biased perceptions based on group membership.

devine (1989)

activation: stereotype comes to mind

application: using stereotypes (prejudice & discrimination)

wittenbrink et al (1997)

white ps primed “black” or “white” and used lexical decision task (positive & negative black stereotypes, positive & negative white stereotypes)

priming with racial labels influenced the evaluation of stereotypical descriptors, revealing that participants' responses were more positive when primed with their ingroup and more negative with the outgroup.

gilbert & hixon (1991)

participants were more likely to rely on stereotypes when the card turner was Asian, demonstrating the influence of race on stereotype application.

bodenhausen (1990)

morning people & evening people come in at 9am or 8pm and rated probability of guilt of criminal defendant (roberto garcia & robert garner)

highlighted how time of day influences cognitive processing, resulting in bias in judgment based on stereotypes.

contact hypothesis

exposure to different groups reduced prejudice

contact needs to be effective

attribution ambiguity

discrimination is more likely to occur when the reason for the discriminatory behavior is unclear

crocker et al (1991)

black ps received positive or negative evaluation from someone they thought was white. while negative feedback led to uncertainty about the evaluation's validity due to perceived racial bias.

steele & aronson (1995)

This study explored the effects of stereotype threat on the academic performance of black students, demonstrating that the pressure of confirming negative stereotypes can hinder their test performance.