AAPC Fundamentals of Medicine (Ch. 05)

Senses

Senses

Aspects of the peripheral nervous system that send information to the brain for processing

Visual system

Eyes and optic nerves sending input to the occipital lobe

Auditory system

Ears and auditory nerves sending input to the temporal lobe

Somatosensory system

Skin-based system sending input to the sensory cortex

Olfactory system

Nasal passages sending input to the amygdala and hippocampus

Gustatory system

Taste buds on the tongue sending input to the gustatory cortex

ambly(o)

Dim or dull vision

blephar/o

Eyelid

conjunctiv/o

Conjunctiva

cor/o

Pupil

cycl/o

Ciliary body

dacry/o

Tear

glauc/o

Gray

irid/o

Iris

lacrim/o

Tear

mi/o

Smaller

ocul/o

Eye

ophthalm/o

Eye

palpebr/o

Eyelid

papill/o

Optic nerve

phac/o

Lens of eye

presby/o

Old age

retin/o

Retina

scler/o

Sclera

scot/o

Darkness

uve/o

Uvea

vitre/o

Glassy

-opia

Vision

-tropia

To turn

amblyopia

Lazy eye causing dull vision

ametropia

Eye refractive power defect

anterior chamber

Space filled with aqueous humor between cornea and lens

aphakia

Absence of the lens of the eye

astigmatism

Abnormal cornea curve causing blurry vision

blepharitis

Inflammation of the eyelid edges

cataract

Opacity in or on the lens causing blurry vision

chalazion

Granuloma around a sebaceous gland on the eyelid

conjunctiva

Clear membrane covering the front of the eye and inside eyelid

conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva

cornea

Clear area of the sclera allowing light into the eye

cycloplegia

Paralysis of the ciliary muscle

dacryocystitis

Inflammation and obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct

dacryostenosis

Narrowing of the lacrimal duct

diplopia

Double vision

ectropian

Eversion of the eyelid (turning outward)

entropian

Inversion of the eyelid (turning inward)

enucleation

Removal of an organ from a body cavity, like the eye

episclera

Connective tissue covering the sclera

exenteration

Complete removal of an organ in one piece

exophthalmos

Protrusion of the eyeball from the orbit

glaucoma

Increased intraocular pressure

hordeolum

Infection of a sebaceous gland on the eyelid; a stye

hyperopia

Farsightedness

keratomalacia

Softening of the cornea due to vitamin A deficiency

keratitis

Inflammation of the cornea

myopia

Nearsightedness

nystagmus

Rapid, involuntary eye movements

ophthalmologist

Eye disease specialist physician

ophthalmoscope

Instrument used to examine inside of the eye

papilledema

Swelling of the optic disk

presbyopia

Farsightedness due to aging

ptosis

Drooping of the upper eyelid

sclera

White, protective outer layer of the eye

strabismus

Misaligned eyes due to extraocular muscle deviation

tarsorrhaphy

Suturing the eyelids together

tonometer

Instrument measuring intraocular pressure

trichiasis

Ingrown eyelashes rubbing against the cornea

uveal

Vascular layer including choroid, ciliary body, and iris

xanthelasma

Yellow plaque on eyelid due to lipid disorder

cornea

Transparent layer with 5 cell layers, avascular, pain/touch receptors

choroid

Vascular middle layer providing blood and oxygen

pupil

Opening that allows light into the inner eye

iris

Colored muscle ring that adjusts to light

lens

Biconvex disc focusing light onto the retina

suspensory ligaments

Connect ciliary muscles to the lens for focus adjustment

posterior chamber

Space behind the lens filled with vitreous humor

retina

Light-sensitive layer with rods and cones at back of eye

rods

Photoreceptors for low light, peripheral vision, no color

cones

Photoreceptors for bright light and color vision

optic disc

Blind spot where optic nerve meets retina; no photoreceptors

optic nerve

Transmits visual signals from retina to occipital lobe

glaucoma

Increased intraocular pressure damaging optic nerve

open-angle glaucoma

Slow, chronic fluid buildup in anterior chamber; causes tunnel vision

closed-angle glaucoma

Acute, painful fluid blockage; causes halos and tunnel vision

cataract

Cloudy lens causing blurry vision due to aging or trauma

phacoemulsification

Common cataract surgery using ultrasound to break lens

extracapsular cataract extraction

Partial removal of lens leaving posterior capsule

intracapsular cataract extraction

Complete lens and capsule removal

macular degeneration

Damage to fovea centralis causing central vision loss

wet macular degeneration

Blood/fluid leakage in macula; treatable with laser

dry macular degeneration

Macula deterioration with no known treatment

retinal detachment

Retina pulls away from choroid due to fluid or injury

photocoagulation

Laser treatment to create scar and stop retinal detachment

pneumatic retinopexy

Gas bubble pushes retina into place for sealing

scleral buckle

Silicone band compresses the eye for large retinal tears