Video Lecture: The Human Body - Orientation and Organization

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from Lecture 1: taxonomy, anatomy subdivisions, directional terms, planes, cavities, membranes, compartmentalization, organ systems, levels of organization, and homeostasis.

Kingdom Animalia

The animal kingdom; includes humans and other animals.

Phylum Chordata

Animals with a notochord and dorsal nerve cord.

Class Mammalia

Warm-blooded vertebrates that bear live young and have mammary glands.

Order Primates

Mammals including humans and apes; features include grasping hands and large brains.

Family Hominidae

Great apes and humans; close relatives like chimps and gorillas.

Genus Homo

Genus that includes modern humans and extinct ancestors.

Species sapiens

Taxonomic species: Homo sapiens.

Homo sapiens = Wise Man

Meaning of the species name Homo sapiens.

Anatomy

Study of body parts and their relationships.

Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy

Study of large structures visible to the naked eye.

Regional Anatomy

Study of all components in a specific region of the body.

Systemic Anatomy

Study by body systems rather than areas.

Microscopic Anatomy

Structures too small to see without a microscope.

Cytology

Study of cells under the microscope.

Histology

Study of tissues under the microscope.

Developmental Anatomy

Structural changes that occur throughout life.

Observation

Careful visual examination as a study method.

Manipulation

Handling and movement to study anatomy (3-D when possible).

Mastery of Anatomical Terms

Fluency in the language of anatomy.

Superior (cranial)

Toward the head or upper part of a structure.

Inferior (caudal)

Toward the feet or lower part of a structure.

Ventral (anterior)

Toward the front of the body.

Dorsal (posterior)

Toward the back of the body.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline; toward the outer side.

Intermediate

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.

Proximal

Closer to the origin or attachment of a limb.

Distal

Farther from the origin or attachment of a limb.

Superficial

Toward or at the body surface.

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Vertical cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Sagittal Plane

Vertical cut dividing the body into right and left parts.

Midsagittal (Median) Plane

Sagittal cut exactly on the midline; equal right and left parts.

Parasagittal Plane

Sagittal cut not on the midline; unequal right and left parts.

Transverse Plane

Horizontal cut dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.

Dorsal Body Cavity

Contains brain and spinal cord; protected by meninges.

Ventral Body Cavity

Contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities; protected by serous membranes.

Cranial Cavity

Dorsal cavity that contains the brain.

Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity

Dorsal cavity that contains the spinal cord.

Meninges

Membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord.

Serous Membrane

Membranes lining ventral body cavities and covering organs.

Parietal vs Visceral Serosa

Parietal lines the cavity; visceral covers the organ.

Pericardial Cavity

Space containing the heart within the mediastinum.

Pleural Cavity

Space containing the lungs.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Space containing digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs.

Compartmentalization

Membranes isolate organs within a cavity.

Advantages of Compartmentalization

Isolation, proper positioning, functional isolation, protection from infection.

11 Organ Systems

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

Structure and Function (Complementarity)

Structure defines function; form relates to role.

Levels of Structural Organization

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal.

Chemical Level

Atoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular Level

Cells made up of molecules.

Tissue Level

Tissues composed of similar cells.

Organ Level

Organs made of different tissues.

Organ System Level

Organ systems composed of multiple organs.

Organismal Level

Human as an organism made of 11 organ systems.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment.

Glucose Homeostasis

Regulation of blood glucose by insulin and glucagon.

Insulin

Stimulates glucose uptake and glycogen formation.

Glucagon

Stimulates glycogen breakdown and raises blood glucose.

Pancreas (in context)

Gland producing insulin and glucagon; part of the endocrine system.