Molecular Biology: Translation, Codons, and Protein Synthesis
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14 Terms
What is the process of translating mRNA into proteins called?
Translation
What are codons?
Groups of three mRNA nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid.
How many different codons exist?
64 different codons.
How many sense codons encode amino acids?
61 sense codons encode the 20 amino acids.
What is the start codon in mRNA?
AUG
What are the three stop codons?
UAA, UAG, UGA
How is translation initiated?
Translation begins at the start codon AUG.
What role do tRNA molecules play in translation?
tRNA molecules transport the required amino acids to the ribosome and have an anticodon that base-pairs with the codon.
What bonds join amino acids during translation?
Peptide bonds.
What components are assembled during translation?
30S ribosomal subunit, 50S ribosomal subunit, initiator tRNA, and mRNA.
What is the Translation Initiation Region (TIR)?
The dedicated sequence on the mRNA that includes the Shine-Dalgarno site and the start codon AUG.
In bacteria, when can translation begin?
Translation can begin before transcription is complete.
What is the role of the promoter in transcription?
The promoter initiates transcription of mRNA from DNA.
What is the difference between transcription and translation?
Transcription is the process of synthesizing mRNA from DNA, while translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.