1/106
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
what is a tension headache?
headache of musculoskeletal origin
which headache is is most commonly called a stress headache?
a. tension headache
b. migraine
c. cluster headache
d. thunderclap headache
tension headache
what causes a tension headache?
stress
depression
poor posture
poor sleep
what is the timing of a tension headache?
situational, in response to overwork, posture
what is the treatment of a tension headache?
abortive meds = NSAIDs
what is the location of a tension headache?
usually both sides, across frontal, temporal, and/or occipital region of head: forehead, sides, and back of head
what is the character of a tension headache?
bandlike tightness, viselike, nonthrobbing, nonpulsatile
what is the duration of a tension headache?
gradual onset; lasts 30 minutes to 7 days
what is the quantity and severity of a tension headache>
diffuse, dull aching pain
mild-to-moderate pain
what is a migraine?
headache of trigeminal nerve or vascular origin
what causes a migraine?
hormonal changes
drinking alcohol or caffeine
different foods/additives
hunger
let down after stress
sleep changes
smells
lights
what is the location of a migraine?
commonly one-sided but may occur on both sides; pain is often behind the eyes, temples, or forehead
what is the character of a migraine?
throbbing, pulsating
what is the duration of a migraine?
rapid onset; peaks 1-2 hours, lasts 4-72 hours
what is the quantity and severity of a migraine?
moderate to severe pain
what is the timing of a migraine?
prodrome: hours-days before migraine
aura: 5-60 minutes
migraine attack: 4-72 hours
postdrome: 24-46 hours
what characterizes the prodrome stage of a migraine?
changes in mood
behavior
sensitivity to light/sound/smell/hunger/cravings
fatigue
yawning
constipation or diarrhea
what characterizes the aura stage of a migraine?
visual changes (blind spots, wavy lines, flashes of light)
tingling in arms or legs
vertigo
speech/language change
what characterizes the postdrome stage of a migraine?
fatigue or irritability
what is the treatment of a migraine?
lie down in dark room with eye shade and sleep
abortive meds = NSAIDs, anti-nausea meds
what is a cluster headache?
rare headache that is intermittent, excruciating, unilateral, with autonomic signs
what causes a cluster headache?
usually due to alcohol, nitroglycerin, histamine, organic compounds (paint, perfume)
what is the location of a cluster headache?
always one sided, behind or around the eye, temple
what is the character of a cluster headache?
continous, sharp, burning, piercing, excruciating
what is the duration of a cluster headache?
abrupt onset; peaks in minutes, lasts 15-180 min
what is the quantity and severity of a cluster headache?
can occur multiple times a day in "clusters"
very severe pain
what is the timing of a cluster headache?
often occurs at night, waking from sleep
what is the treatment of a cluster headache?
abortive = oxygen, parental tryptins
preventive = calcium channel blockers, corticosteroids, lithium
what is the worst and most dangerous type of headache?
a. tension headache
b. cluster headache
c. thunderclap headache
d. migraine
c. thunderclap headache
what is the character of a thunderclap headache?
pain intensity surges within seconds to minutes
what causes a thunderclap headache?
brain aneurysm - weak spot on brain artery that bulges like a little bubble on a host
what is a concussion?
type of traumatic brain injury that alters normal functioning
what causes a concussion?
occurs when a sudden strong jolt or blow to the head or body causes violent rotation or shaking of the head --> brain bounces around or twists in the skull = chemical changes in the brain that can stretch and damage brain cells
what are serious signs of a concussion?
- forgetfulness of recent events
- loss of consciousness
- mental cloudiness
what is BRAIN?
mnemonic with stages of increasing exercise levels post-concussion
B = stationary bik
R = running
A = agility or non-contact
I = "in-red" or full contact "controlled"
N = no restrictions
what do you ask when patient has a head injury?
did you lose consciousness and then fall or fall then lose consciousness?
what can loss of consciousness before the fall indicate?
cardiac issue (heart slows down + pumps less blood --> blood pressure drops --> brain doesn't get enough oxygenated blood = faint)
what can neck pain associated with stiffness, headache, and fever indicate?
meningitis
what are the different types of stroke?
ischemic: due to blood clot
hemorrhagic: rupture of cerebral vessel
What is peripheral cranial nerve 7 damage?
Bell's palsy
what is nystagmus?
fine, oscillating movement best seen around the iris
what causes Bell's palsy
herpes simplex virus
what does nystagmus occur with?
disease of the semicircular canals in the ears, a paretic eye muscle, multiple sclerosis, or brain lesions
what is the difference between objective and subjective vertigo?
objective vertigo: patient says the room is spinning
subjective vertigo: patient says they feel like they are spinning
what is commonly seen in Grave's disease?
exophthalmos: eyeballs bulge or protrude abnormally from their sockets
what is graves disease?
autoimmune disease with increased production of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism) --> increased metabolic rate
what is myxedema?
deficiency of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) --> reduces metabolic rate and cases non-pitting edema; usual cause is Hashimoto thyroiditis
what are the regulations of the production of thyroid hormones?
1. hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
2. TRH tells pituitary gland to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
3. TSH directs thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4 hormones
4. T3 and T4 signal pituitary and hypothalamus to stop when in bloodstream
what is goiter?
enlarged thyroid due to low iodine; associated with irregular amounts of thyroid (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism)
what are normal changes in the eye for an aging adult?
1. decreased tear production (dry eyes)
2. decreased pupil size due to loss of elasticity in lens or presbyopia
3. ectropion: lower lid rolls out
4. cataracts: transparent fibers thicken and yellow
what is PERRLA?
pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light, and accommodation
which cranial nerve is responsible for pupillary constriction?
cranial nerve 3
what is an example of accommodation?
reading small print
(convergence of the axis of the eyes)
What is the Snellen Eye Chart?
an alphabet chart used to assess visual acuity
top number = distance person is standing from the chart
bottom number = distance normal eye could have read from that feet/distance
what is indicated with a curtain fall?
retinal tear
- emergency surgery
- if happens once will most likely happen again
what is strabismus?
deviation in the parallel axis of the two eyes
what is diplopia?
seeing two images of a single object
what are red eye emergencies?
1. sudden vision loss
2. trauma to eyeball
3. herpes zoster infection on face (ex: shingles)
4. corneal damage
5. sudden distorted pupil
what is glaucoma associated with?
increased intraocular pressure
what is indicated with pallor on outer canthus of lower lid?
anemia
what is glaucoma?
loss of peripheral vision due to increase in aqueous humor in eye --> lacks proper outflow of aqueous humor
how would you adjust glasses to mimic glaucoma?
shaving outside of lens and leaving just the middle open
what is diabetic retinopathy?
scattered, shade patches within the lens
what is age-related macular degeneration?
loss of central vision
how would you adjust glasses to mimic age-related macular degeneration?
shaving middle of glasses lens and leving peripheral open
what are risk factors for age-related macular degeneration?
>50 years old
smoking
family history
light colored eyes
increased exposure to UV light
hypertension
CVD
lack of intake of antioxidants and zinc
what are cataracts?
clouding of the lens which causes decreases amount of light that reaches retina
what are the symptoms of cataracts
inhibits vision; blurry vision, glare, halo, double vision, difficulty without contrasting colors, poor night vision
how would you adjust glasses to mimic cataracts?
shading lens with hatch marks, blurring the amount of light that comes in
what are the NORMAL hearing changes in the aging adult?
- hearing loss is slow and gradual
- cerumen is drier and harder
- auricle wrinkles and sags related to loss of elasticity of pinna
- sensor/neural nerve degeneration
- harder to hear consonants; sounds may be garbled and difficult to localize
what is conductive hearing loss?
mechanical dysfunction of external or middle ear
what is partial hearing loss?
patient is able to hear if sound amplitude is increased enough to reach the normal nerve elements in inner ear
what does snsorineural or preceptive hearing loss indicate?
signifies pathology of the inner ear --> gradual nerve degeneration
- harder to hear consonants than vowels; words sound garbled
what is mixed hearing loss?
combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
what is the purpose of cerumen?
protect and lubricate the ear
what should a normal tympanic membrane look like?
pearly gray in color and translucent
what is an audio meter?
hearing acuity test -- handheld sound device; finger is raised when sound is heard
what is a tuning fork test for?
measures hearing through air conduction and bone conduction to help determine the type of hearing loss a patient has
what is should be seen in a normal mouth?
- nose should be free of polyps
- tongue is pink and roughed from papillae and CAN have a white coating (NOT a cheesy coating)
what are normal changes in the nose/mouth/throat in an older adult?
- nose is more prominent due to loss of subq fat
- decreased taste and smell and olfactory nerve fibers
- loss of taste buds
- decreased salivary secretion
- worn teeth
- increased risk for Candidiasis infection
- smoother tongue surface due to papillary atrophy
what gan gingivitis be related to?
anxiety or antidepressants
smoking
type 2 diabetes
what is leukoplakia?
chalky white, thick, raised patches with well-defined borders on the lateral edges of the tongue
are leukoplakia cancerous?
they are precancerous and must refer to a specialist
what cranial nerve is the "ah" test associated with?
tests cranial nerve 10
what cranial nerve is tested with the sticking-out-tongue test?
tests cranial nerve 12
what cranial nerves are tested with the gag reflex test?
tests cranial nerve 9 and 10
what is indicated with painless enlargement of the gums that sometimes overreaches the teeth?
gingival hyperplasia
what is gingivitis?
inflammation of the gums (usually caused by poor dental hygiene or vitamin C deficiency); gum margins are red and swollen and bleed easily
what is meth mouth?
meth usage can lead to extensive dental caries, gingivitis, tooth cracking, and edentulism
what is indicated when you first see a "canker sore" and then a small, round "punched-out" ulcer with a white based surrounded by a red halo?
aphthous ulcers
what are Koplik spots in measles?
small blue-white spots with irregular halo scatter over mucosa; early sign of measles
what is normally seen with a Candidiasis infection?
white, cheesy, or curd-like patch on the buccal mucosa and tongue; "thrush"
what causes a Candidiasis infection?
occurs after antibiotic and corticosteroid use and in immunosuppressed people
what causes a tongue-tie?
ankyloglossia (short lingual frenulum fixes tongue tip to floor of mouth and gums)
what are the characteristics of geographic tongue or migratory glossitis?
pattern of normal coating interspersed with bright, shiny, circular bald areas caused by atrophy of the filiform papillae, with raised pearly borders
what is atrophic glossitis?
smooth, glossy tongue that occurs with pernicious anemia, folic acid deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia
what are characteristics of a black hairy tongue?
elongation of filiform papillae and painless overgrowth of mycelial threads of fungus infection on the tongue
what causes black hairy tongue?
occurs after use of antibiotics and heavy smoking
what are the characteristics of a carcinoma?
ulcer with rolled edges, indurated at sides, base, and under tongue; associated with leukoplakia
- rich lymphatic drainage increases risk for early metastasis
what accounts for most cases of oral cancer?
smoking and alcohol