(FC) LESSON 1 - ASEPSIS AND INFECTION PREVENTION

Sepsis

Sepsis

infection

Asepsis

without infection; free of every microorganism.

Asepsis

umbrella term; it could be a technique, condition.

Asepsis

Freedom from disease-causing microorganisms

Medical, Surgical

2 Types of Asepsis

Medical Asepsis

washing hands, using alcohol, hand hygiene

Medical Asepsis

Kills microorganisms, but not spores

Medical Asepsis

reduce population of microorganism in body part

Medical Asepsis

All practices intended to confine specific microorganisms to a specific area, limiting the number, growth, and transmission of microorganisms.

Surgical Asepsis

Sterile technique

Surgical Asepsis

Aims to kill, destroy every microorganism including spores

Surgical Asepsis

Practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms and spores.

clean or dirty

In asepsis, objects are referred to as

Resident Flora

normal microorganisms living in our body without causing any detrimental effects; not harmful.

bacteriocin

Some resident flora excrete ________________ which kills other bacteria.

Colonization

growth of bacteria that becomes resident flora

Infection

opposite of colonization

Infection

growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not usually found.

infectious agents

microorganisms in body tissue where they are not usually found are called

Asymptomatic or Subclinical

If the microorganism produces no clinical evidence of disease, the infection is called

Disease

a detectable alteration in function of normal tissue because of presence of bacteria/microorganism

Communicable Disease

any illness that can be transferred via direct, indirect, or airborne contact

Pathogenicity

ability of pathogen/bacteria to cause disease.

Pathogenicity

Qualitative nature of a pathogen

Opportunistic Pathogen

causes disease only in a susceptible individual.

Virulence

degree of damage microorganism can cause

Virulence

Quantitative nature; how much damage it can cause to an organism

Bacterium

the most common infection-causing microorganisms.

Virus

consist primarily of nucleic acid and therefore must enter living cells in order to reproduce.

Fungus

Includes yeasts and molds.

Parasites

live on other living organisms

Candida Albicans

common flora in the human vagina

Local Infection

limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain.

Systemic Infection

happens when microorganisms spread and damage different parts of the body

Bacteremia

when a culture (extract of specimen blood/tissue) of the individual’s blood reveals microorganisms or presence of bacteria

Septicemia

when bacteremia results to systemic infection

Sepsis

systemic infection with multiple organs involved

Septic Shock

severe life-threatening form of sepsis

Acute Infection

generally appear suddenly or last a short time.

Chronic Infection

may occur slowly, over a very long period, and may last months or years.

HAIs

Infections contracted in hospital, clinic, from health care worker, institutional worker, nursing aide, any from the health care team

Nosocomial Infection

Infections contracted while in the hospital

Nosocomial Infection

Either developed during a client’s stay in a facility or manifest after discharge.

Iatrogenic Infection

the direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

Iatrogenic Infection

Contracted during nursing procedures or medical therapy performed on patient without following proper aseptic technique

Endogenous Source

microorganisms that originate from the clients themselves.

Exogenous Source

microorganisms that originate from the hospital environment and hospital personnel.

Infectious/Etiologic Agent

The extent to which any microorganism is capable of producing an infectious process

Infectious/Etiologic Agent

Depends on pathogenicity and virulence of microorganism if it will cause infection

Reservoir

source of microorganisms

Humans

most common reservoir

Carrier

human/animal reservoir of specific infectious agent that usually does not manifest any clinical signs of disease.

Direct Transmission

immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from individual to individual

Droplet Spread

Can only occur if source and host are within 1m or 3 ft apart

Indirect Transmission

may either be vehicle-borne or vector-borne.

Vehicle-Borne

Any substance that introduces or transports microorganism to another person

Vector-Borne

Insects transporting infectious agent via bites or bodily fluid

Vector-Borne

Transmission may occur by injecting salivary fluid during biting or by depositing feces or other materials on the skin through bite wounds or traumatized skin area.

Airborne Transmission

droplets/dust; most difficult to contain

Droplet Nuclei

the residue of evaporated droplets emitted by an infected host such as someone with tuberculosis, can remain in the air for long periods.

skin, portal of entry

The _______ is a barrier to infectious agents; however, any break in the skin can readily serve as a _________________.

Susceptible Host

any individual who is at risk for infection

Compromised Host

someone at increased risk, an individual who for one or more reasons is more likely than others to acquire an infection.

Intact Skin

first line of defense; biggest defense

Fungi

can live on the skin, but they cannot penetrate it.

T

T OR F:
Resident bacteria of the skin prevent other bacteria from multiplying.

Cilia and Mucous in Respiratory Tract

These trap microorganisms, dust, and foreign material

Tears

continually wash microorganisms away and contain inhibiting lysozyme.

Urine

has bacteriostatic effect; as it is expelled, it does not give a chance for microorganisms to multiply.

F, cannot

T OR F:
Most microorganisms can survive in acidic environments.

Inflammatory Response

Local and nonspecific defensive response of the body against an injurious or infectious agent.

Physical Injurious Agent

mechanical objects causing trauma to tissues, excessive heat or cold, and radiation.

Chemical Injurious Agent

external and internal irritants manufactured within the body

Microorganisms

broad groups of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.

constrict

At the start of inflammation, blood vessels at the site of injury ___________________.

Prostaglandins, Bradykinins, Histamine

Cells release chemical mediators of inflammation:

Cell Death, Chemical Mediators Release

Vascular permeability increases in response to:

Bradykinin

increases permeability of vessels

Pain

caused by the pressure of accumulating fluid on nerve endings and the irritating chemical mediators.

Exudative Phase

Wound/site of damage will have discharge.

Exudate

consists of fluid that escaped from blood vessels, dead phagocytic cells, and dead tissue cells, and products they release

Lymphatic System

drains exudate, which explains why lymph nodes occur during infection/inflammation.

Reparative Phase

Repair of injured tissues by regeneration of replacement with fibrous tissue (scar) formation.

Regeneration

replacement of destroyed tissue cells by cells that are identical or similar in structure and function.

scar formation

When regeneration is not possible, repair occurs by ________________________________.

Granulation Tissue

Damaged tissues are replaced with connective tissue elements of collagen, blood capillaries, lymphatics, and other tissue-bound substances. In early stages of this process, the tissue is called

Granulation Tissue

fragile, gelatinous tissue, appearing pink or red due to the many newly formed capillaries.

Scar or Cicatrix

Later on, tissue shrinks and collagen fibers contract → firmer fibrous tissue remains called a

Antigen

any substance causing the immune system to be sensitized and eventually, respond

Antibody

also called immunoglobulins are part of the body’s plasma protein.

Autoantigen

proteins/antigens originate/produced by own body

Autoimmune Disease

diseases that cause the immune system to destroy its own body.

Antibody-Mediated Defense

humoral; circulating; in fluid (blood, lymph, chyle)

Active Immunity

The host produces antibodies in response to natural antigen.

Passive Immunity

The host receives natural or artificial antibodies produced by another source.

Active Immunity

Only developed if exposed to antigen → develop disease

Passive Immunity

Acquired through immunization or immunoglobulin via breast milk

Active Immunity

Works through B-cells

Cell-Mediated Defense

On exposure to an antigen, the lymphoid tissues release large numbers of activated T cells into the lymph system.

Cell-Mediated Defense

Only acts if antigen is intracellular