Personality Psychology Exam Review

Flashcards based on lecture notes for exam preparation.

According to Sigmund Freud, what does a slip of the tongue represent?

represents activity of the motivated unconscious.

Which part of personality redirects energy from potentially problematic and unacceptable outlets into more appropriate outlets?

The ego

According to Sigmund Freud, what happens when a man directs his death instinct into a socially acceptable behavior (like playing soccer)?

less aggressive in other ways.

In the context of psychic determinism, what did Sigmund Freud believe caused psychological problems?

unconscious memories or desires.

According to Sigmund Freud, what is an unpleasant state indicating that the control of the ego is being threatened by an external factor?

anxiety

What is a similarity between the id and the superego?

Both are not bound by reality.

Which of the following statements is true about the ego?

It is the part of the mind that constrains the id to reality.

José spends most of his time thinking about Sheila, the love of his life. This had led to José neglecting his course work. From a Freudian perspective, José's neglect of his course work is most likely due to what?

his fixed amount of psychic energy.

In the context of Sigmund Freud's structure of personality, which of the following statements is true about the pleasure principle?

It is a desire for immediate gratification.

Which part of the mind is responsible for upholding social values and ideals and determines what is right and what is wrong?

The superego

According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following actions would most likely be an indicator of the id operating on an individual's behavior?

David has to buy a sportscar and has to buy it right now.

According to Sigmund Freud, the ego operates according to the what?

reality principle.

According to Sigmund Freud, what is the most primitive part of the human mind?

id

The approach to psychoanalysis started by Erik Erikson is called what?

ego psychology

You are assigned to learn the following list of words: bagel, biscuit, cookies, pie, cake, and croissant. You are then asked to cover these words and write down the words you remember from this list. You add the word "bread" to the list. This is an example of what?

the spreading activation model of memory.

Unlike Sigmund Freud, how do contemporary psychologists view the cognitive unconscious?

having a more limited, rule-governed, and specific influence on behavior.

According to contemporary psychoanalyst Westen, which of the following is a postulate on which contemporary psychoanalysis has been based?

Mental representations of the self and relationships guide one's interactions with others.

According to ego psychology, which of the following is seen as the primary function of the ego?

Establishing a secure identity

Sigmund Freud's version of psychoanalysis focused on the , but later psychoanalysts felt that the deserved more attention because it performed many constructive functions.

id; ego

In the context of the stages of personality development, what did Erik Erikson believe?

each stage represented a conflict that needed to be resolved.

Which of the following is most often 'weaponized' in misinformation campaigns?

Encoding

Some politicians have learned the value of presenting information in small chunks, using simple language, and developing short and catchy slogans. This is an example of the factor that influences encoding.

fluency

Memory research conducted by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus suggests that false memories can be created with what?

with leading questions.

A study conducted by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus demonstrated that what?

leading questions by therapists could implant false memories in patients.

Ben shows his friend Alex an advertisement suggesting that she shook hands with Donald Duck as a child. Later, Ben asks Alex if she had personally shaken hands with Donald Duck during your childhood. Alex is most likely to report what?

she is more confident that she has shaken hands with Donald as a child than she would have been before seeing the advertisement.

In the context of the stages of personality development, what did both Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson do?

maintained the notion of fixation.

George Kelly's most basic idea was the , which refers to the statement that 'a person's processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events.'

fundamental postulate

According to Tamir and Nadler (2007), what skills do field-dependent people have?

have strong social skills.

Which of the following is not an important topic in the cognitive/experiential domain?

Identifying the major traits of personality.

A person who processes information by relating it to a similar event in his or her own life is engaging in what?

personalizing cognition

Which of the following college majors would most likely have many field-independent people?

Physics

is a general term that refers to awareness and thinking, as well as to specific mental acts such as perceiving, attending to, interpreting, remembering, believing, judging, deciding, and anticipating.

Cognition

An advantage of the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) over the Rod and Frame Test (RFT) is what?

the EFT is much easier to use than the RFT.

According to Witkin and Goodenough (1977), compared with field-dependent people, field-independent people show what?

show a preference for less social situations.

Herman Witkin introduced the idea of what?

field dependence versus field independence.

Which of the following statements is true about field-independent individuals?

They are fast at learning new languages.

According to Herman Witkin (1977), which of the following college majors is most likely to be favored by field-dependent students?

The social sciences

Which of the following statements is true about George Kelly's personal construct theory?

People's personal constructs serve to create each person's psychological reality.

The Rod and Frame Test (RFT) devised by Herman Witkin—in which a participant sits in a darkened room and is instructed to watch a glowing rod surrounded by a glowing square frame—found that field-dependent people do what?

adjust the rod so that it is leaning in the direction of the tilted frame.

When one evaluates oneself or one's performance in terms of a comparison with a reference group, one engages in what?

social comparison

Which of the following begins to develop when an infant notices that his or her body is distinct from the rest of the world?

The self-concept

Seeing oneself as the object of others' attention is known as what?

objective self-awareness

In the context of the development of the self-concept, which of the following terms is defined as the ability to see oneself as others do or to step outside of oneself and imagine how one appears to other people?

Perspective taking

The self-concept begins to develop as early as when?

infancy.

The way you see, define, and understand yourself is known as your what?

self-concept

What is a positive aspect of defensive pessimism?

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following aspects develops first in children?

Knowledge about their sex and age.

is defined as person's evaluation of their self-concept, how they feel (along a good-to-bad dimension).

Self-esteem

Kiara, a marketing executive, has to create a marketing plan for a new blow-dryer. Although she has worked on similar projects and succeeded, she still feels anxious and is convinced that she will make a mistake. She puts in extra effort to prepare the plan and rehearses several times before presenting it to her clients. Her plan is readily accepted by her clients, as always. This scenario most likely exemplifies what?

defensive pessimism

Which of the following is a characteristic of defensive pessimists?

They use their worry and pessimism in a constructive way.

To overcome shyness, people should do what?

force themselves into social situations.

The aspects of yourself that you present to others are referred to as your .

social identity

Which of the following is true in the context of marital satisfaction and conscientiousness?

Men whose wives score high on conscientiousness are significantly more sexually satisfied with the marriage than are other husbands.

In the context of ideal and actual personality characteristics, the correspondence between what an individual wants and what he or she gets is especially strong for what?

extraversion and intellect–openness.

Which of the following is an example of regression?

Whining

suggests that individuals are married to people who are similar to themselves.

Assortative mating

Langford insults his wife saying how ugly she is and how he is too good a husband for her. He does not spend enough time with her and ignores her feelings. Instead, he sees someone else intimately and abuses alcohol. Based on the information given in the scenario, it can be said that Langford is what?

low on agreeableness.

The international investigation of 10,047 individuals located on six continents and five islands from around the world revealed that one of these factors plays a central role in what people worldwide look for in a long-term mate. Identify the factor.

Personality characteristics

Compared with their less active peers, highly active children tend to elicit hostility and competitiveness from others. This exemplifies .

evocation

According to international research, the characteristic most desirable in a mate is .

mutual attraction

People whose spouses score high on are more satisfied, view their spouses as sources of encouragement and support, and enjoy spending time with their partners.

emotional stability

Francis, who is a miserable cook, is looking for a spouse who is a wonderful cook. Francis' preference for someone who cooks well best supports the on human mating.

complementary needs theory

In a matrimonial advertisement, Samantha mentions that she is outgoing, conscientious, and open to experience and that she is looking for similar characteristics in her potential mate. Her advertisement best supports the hypothesis of mate selection.

assortative mating

Low levels of which of the following personality traits is not correlated with a higher likelihood of divorce or breakup in a relationship?

Intellect–openness

According to the violation of desire theory, people are most likely to break up with mates who what?

who lack the desired personality characteristics such as dependability and emotional stability in a mate.

Husbands who score low on this trait tend to evoke anger in their wives by being condescending, neglecting and rejecting them, abusing them, committing infidelity, abusing alcohol, insulting her appearance, and exhibiting self-centeredness. Identify this trait.

Agreeableness

In the calculation of effect sizes, the d statistic is used to express what?

a difference in standard deviation units.

Which of the following is a facet of extraversion that is referred to by sex difference which shows up in social behavior in group contexts?

assertiveness

Similar to a 55-culture study, the 50-culture study revealed essentially no sex differences in which trait?

intellect-openness to experience.

A statistical method for summarizing the findings of large numbers of individual studies is known as what?

meta-analysis.

Which of the following statements is true about sex differences in temperament in children ranging in age from 3 to 13?

Boys are less able to control their impulses than girls.

According to the 50-culture study, which of the following five-factor model traits shows the largest sex difference?

Emotional stability

Identify a true statement about the frequency and intensity of basic emotions.

In the negative domain, guilt shows a minimal gender difference in intensity and no difference in frequency.

In the context of sex differences in temperament in children ranging in age from 3 to 13, which of the following personality traits showed the largest sex difference with girls scoring more than boys?

Inhibitory control

In the context of the calculation of effect sizes, which of the following is a characteristic of psychologists who take a Minimalist stance?

They tend to emphasize that the distributions of men and women on any given personality variable show tremendous overlap.

An effect size of ‒0.82 would indicate a difference between two groups that is what?

large.

The fact that women, on average, weigh lesser than men is best described by the term .

sex differences

An effect size of 0.51 would indicate a difference between two groups that is what?

medium.

The idea that men are not capable of being nurturing exemplifies .

gender stereotypes

Which of the following statements is true about the maximalist stance on sex differences?

A small sex difference could result in a large sex difference in the number of lives and in the long run.