APHY 101 Final Comprehensive Lecture Exam Study Guide

A comprehensive set of flashcards for reviewing key concepts in anatomy and physiology.

Anatomy

Study of structure ('what it is').

Physiology

Study of function ('what it does').

Levels of Organization

Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.

Characteristics of Life

Metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement.

Requirements for Survival

Oxygen, nutrients, water, temperature, pressure.

Negative Feedback

Maintains stability (e.g., body temperature).

Positive Feedback

Amplifies effects (e.g., childbirth).

Anatomical Position

Standing upright, facing forward, palms up.

Buffer

Keeps pH stable; prevents drastic change.

Acid

Releases H⁺ (low pH).

Base

Accepts H⁺ (high pH).

Macromolecules

Large complex molecules with specific functions: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.

Radioisotope

Used for medical imaging and cancer treatment.

Ions

Charged particles; includes protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Enzymes

Speed up reactions; reusable and specific.

Glycolysis

First step in metabolism converting glucose to ATP in the cytoplasm.

Krebs Cycle

Breaks down pyruvate to produce energy in mitochondria.

Osmosis

Water moves from low → high solute concentration through a membrane.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers body surfaces and lines cavities.

Connective Tissue

Supports and binds other tissues.

Muscle Tissue

Responsible for movement.

Nervous Tissue

Transmits signals for communication.

Stratum Basale

Lowest layer of the epidermis where keratinocytes are formed.

Keratinocytes

Cells that produce keratin for the skin.

Sebaceous Glands

Secretes oil (sebum) to protect skin.

Endochondral Ossification

Process of bone development from cartilage.

Bone Remodeling

Constant process of bone renewal by osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Osteoporosis

Condition of weakened bones due to loss of density.

Axial Skeleton

Comprises skull, ribs, spine.

Appendicular Skeleton

Includes the limbs and girdles.

Fibrous Joints

Immovable joints like sutures.

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints (e.g., shoulder).

Sliding Filament Model

Mechanism of muscle contraction involving actin and myosin.

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Neurotransmitter released by motor neurons to stimulate muscles.

Cerebellum

Coordinates balance and motor control.

Neuroglial Cells

Supportive cells in the nervous system with various functions.

Reflex Arc

Basic neuronal pathway involved in reflex actions.

Somatic Nervous System

Controls voluntary muscle movements.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Regulates involuntary body functions.

Chemoreceptors

Receptors that respond to chemical stimuli for taste and smell.

Photoreceptors

Light-responsive receptors in the eyes.

Conduction Deafness

Hearing loss due to damage in the middle ear.

Nerve Deafness

Hearing loss due to inner ear or nerve damage.