Studied by 3 people
Alkane to Haloalkane
Halogen and UV light (free radical substitution)
Alkene to Alkane
Hydrogen gas, Nickel catalyst and 150°C (addition)
Use of catalytic hydrogenation (alkene-alkane)
Manufacture of margarine from unsaturated vegetable oils
Alkene to Dihaloalkane (Br)
Add bromine LIQUID and shake (electrophilic addition)
Alkene to Dihaloalkane
+ halogen
Alkene to hydroxyhaloalkane
Add bromine WATER and shake (electrophilic addition: CH2(OH)CH2(Br)
Alkene to Alcohol
Steam (water), phosphoric (v) acid catalyst (reversible)
Alkenes to diol
Shake in acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution: purple solution decolourises (oxidation)
Alkene to Halogenoalkane
Hydrogen halide
Haloalkane to Alcohol
Reflux with warm aqueous KOH
Haloalkane with aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol
Forms alcohol + halide ion --> forms AgX precipitate (water acts as nucleophile)
Haloalkane to Nitriles
Reflux with KCN in ethanol
Haloalkane to Primary amine
Heat in sealed tube with excess ethanolic ammonia
Haloalkane to Alkene
Reflux with KOH in ethanol (elimination)(OH- acts as a base)
Alcohol to Iodoalkane
Red phosphorus and iodine
Alcohol to Chloroalkane
PCl5
Alcohol to Bromoalkane
KBr, 50% conc H2SO4
Primary alcohol to Aldehyde
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, heat and distil
Alcohol to Alkene
Concentrated phosphoric (v) acid catalyst + heated (elimination)
Primary alcohol to carboxylic acid
Excess K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 and heat under reflux (p)
Secondary alcohol to Ketone
Excess K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 and heat under reflux (s)
Aldehyde to Primary alcohol
LiAlH4 in dry ether (P)
Ketone to Secondary alcohol
LiAlH4 in dry ether (S)
Carbonyl compound to hydroxynitrile + conditions
HCN in the presence of KCN (CN from KCN acts as catalyst) + pH6-8
Nitrile to Carboxylic acid
(hydrolysis of nitrile) reflux with dilute HCl + distil of the Carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid to Primary alcohol
LiAlH4 in dry ether --> hydrolysis by dilute acid
Carboxylic acid to Acyl chloride
Phosphorous (v) chloride
carboxylic acid to ester
+ alcohol (Heat with concentrated H2SO4- acid catalyst)(reversible)
Testing ester by smell
Add dilute sodium hydrogencarbonate solution —> pear smell
Acid hydrolysis of esters (to alcohol + carboxylic acid)
Reflux with dilute acid (HCl or H2SO4)
Base hydrolysis of esters (to alcohol + carboxylate ion)
Reflux with dilute alkali (NaOH)
acyl chloride to carboxylic acid
water
Acyl chloride to Ester
Alcohol (quicker reaction than carboxylic acid + alcohol)
Acyl chloride to primary amide
concentrated NH3 (in excess NH3, white smoke of NH4Cl formed from NH3 + HCl)
Acyl chloride to N-subsitututed amide
Primary amine
Benzene to bromobenzene
Br2 + FeBr3 (Friedel-Crafts)
benzene to Alkyl benzene (Alkylation)
Reflux with chloroalkane and AlCl3 (Friedel-Crafts)
benzene to acyl benzene (acylation)
Reflux with acyl chloride and AlCl3 (Friedel-Crafts)
Benzene to Nitrobenzene
Warm with concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4 - temperature less than 55 degrees celsius
Phenol to 2,4,6-Tribromophenol
Shake with bromine water
Observations of 2,4,6,-tribromophenol
white ppt, antiseptic properties
Amine + water
R-NH3+ + OH- (alkaline solution, reversible reaction)
Amine + dilute acid (HCl)
R-NH3+ (ammonium salt) +Cl-
Amine to amide
+ acyl chloride (with concentrated aqueous, amine)- two step reaction
Amine + Haloalkane
R-(NH2+Cl-)-R
C2H5NH2 amine + [Cu(H2O)6]2+
[Cu(C2H5NH2)4(H2O)2]2+ complex ion + 4H2O
Halogenoalkane to straight chain amine
Excess conc ammonia in ethanol, heat in sealed tube
Nitrile to Primary amine (expensive)
LiAlH4 in dry ether followed by dilute acid
Nitrile to primary amine (cheap)
Hydrogen gas, nickel catalyst, high temp and pressure
Nitrobenzene to phenylamine
Reflux with tin and concentrated HCl, then add OH- (NaOH) to product
Amine to N-Substituted amide
Add acyl chloride
Grignard reagent formation
Halogenoalkane + Mg —> then dry ether + acid
Grignard reaction with CO2
Add dilute acid --> carboxylic acid
Grignard reaction with carbonyl in dry ether
Add dilute acid --> primary alcohol
Note
Flashcard