Cardiac system concept test

medical terminology

structures of the heart (anatomy)

chambers, valves, septum, and major blood vessels

Three types of vessels

Arteries, Veins, Capillaries

Heart structure (layers)

epicardium , myocardium, and endocardium

epicardium

outer layer of the heart

myocardium

middle layer of the heart

endocardium

inner layer of the heart

Four heart chambers

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle

Blood flow through the heart

Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium, moves to right ventricle, goes to lungs for oxygenation. Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium, then left ventricle, and is pumped to body through aorta

Pulmonary circulation

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and back, where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

right ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

left ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body

Pulmonary arteries

blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation

Pulmonary Veins

blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

Heart valves

structures within the heart that help control the flow of blood, ensure that blood flows in one direction and prevent backflow

Conduction system of the heart

a network of specialized cardiac muscle cells that coordinate and regulate the heartbeat by generating and conducting electrical impulses

Cardiac direction of electricity

starts at the sinoatrial node and travels through the atria, atrioventricular node, bundle of HIS, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers, causing the heart to contract and pump blood efficiently

sinoatrial node (define)

a group of cells located in the right atrium of the heart that start the electrical impulses for the heart to beat

Atrioventricular

the valves between the atria and ventricles in the heart that control blood flow by regulating electrical signals for proper heart function

Bundle of HIS

a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells responsible for transmitting electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles for coordinated heart contractions

Right and Left Bundle branches

part of the heart's electrical conduction system, carries impulses to the right and left ventricles

Perkinje fibers

Specialized fibers in the heart's conduction system that help transmit electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles, causing them to contract

Heart wave segments

(P wave, QRS complex, and T wave) represents different electrical activities during a heartbeat

Systole

the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers into the arteries

Diastole

Period of heart relaxation and filling with blood, occurring between contractions, allows the chambers to refill and prepares for the next heartbeat

Normal BP

around 120/80 mmHg

Sphygmomanometer

blood pressure cuff- device used to measure blood pressure, consisting of an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow and a gauge to measure pressure

5 contributing factors to BP

genetics, diet, physical activity, stress levels, and age

aneurysm/o

aneurysm (combining form)

angi/o

blood vessels (combining form A )

vascul/o

blood vessels (combining form V )

arteri/o

artery (combining form)

cardi/o

heart (combining form)

phleb/o

vein (combining form P )

ven/o

Vein (combining form V )

scler/o

hard (combining form)

sphygm/o

Pulse (combining form)

sten/o

constriction (combining form)

thromb/o

clot (combining form)

-cardia

heart or heart condition (word element)

brady-

slow (word element)

endo-

within or inner (word element)

peri-

around or surrounding (word element P )

trans-

around or surrounding (word element T )

Arteriosclerosis

hardening and thickening of the arteries, reducing blood flow and potentially leading to serious health issues like heart disease and stroke

Coronary Artery Disease

a condition where plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves, often caused by bacterial infection. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, and heart murmur

Varicose Veins

Enlarged, twisted veins, usually in the legs, caused by weakened valves and increased pressure

Aneurism

A bulge in a blood vessel wall due to weakness, potentially leading to rupture and severe complications

Angina

chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle due to narrowed coronary arteries

Arrhythmia

Irregular heartbeat that can be too fast (tachycardia) or too slow (bradycardia), disrupting the heart's rhythm

Embolism

A sudden blockage of a blood vessel by a foreign substance such as a blood clot or air bubble, leading to tissue damage or organ malfunction

Heart Faliure

heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling

Hyperlipidemia

Excessive levels of fats in the blood, increasing the risk of heart disease

hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure

Hypotension

abnormally low blood pressure that can lead to dizziness, fainting, and inadequate blood flow to the body's organs

Orthostatic hypotension

Sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up, causing dizziness or fainting. Common in elderly or those with dehydration or certain medical conditions

Peripheral Artery Disease

A circulatory condition causing narrowed arteries, reducing blood flow to limbs, often leading to pain or numbness

Syncope

sudden, temporary loss of consciousness caused by a lack of blood flow to the brain, leading to fainting

Deep Vein Thrombosis

a blood clot forming in a deep vein, usually in the leg

Electrocardiogram and Electrocardiograph

tests that record the electrical activity of the heart to detect abnormalities

Stress test

assessment to evaluate the heart's response to physical exertion, monitoring heart activity and blood pressure

Lipid panel

Blood test measuring cholesterol levels to assess cardiovascular disease risk

Doppler US

uses sound waves to evaluate blood flow in the body to diagnose conditions like blood clots or heart valve issues

Cardiac Catheterization

procedure using a catheter to diagnose and treat heart conditions like CAD or valve issues

Angioplasty

procedure to open blocked or narrowed blood vessels, usually arteries, to improve blood flow

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

a surgical procedure to improve blood flow to the heart by bypassing blocked arteries

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator

device that monitors heart rhythm and delivers an electric shock to restore normal rhythm if needed

Defibrillation

Process of delivering an electric shock to the heart to restore normal rhythm and is used in emergencies such as cardiac arrest or life-threatening arrhythmias

Cardioversion

procedure to restore the heart's normal rhythm using electrical shocks or medications

ACE Inhbitors

• Therapeutic Action: Dilates blood vessels, lowers blood pressure, and improves heart function.

• Generic Name: Lisinopril, Enalapril.

• Contraindications: Pregnancy, history of angioedema, severe kidney disease.

• Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, post-heart attack treatment.

Antiarrhythmics

• Therapeutic action: Correct abnormal heart rhythms

• Generic name: Varies (e.g., amiodarone, flecainide)

• Contraindications: Severe bradycardia, heart block

• Uses: Atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia

Anticoagulants

• Therapeutic action: Prevent blood clot formation

• Generic name: Warfarin, Heparin

• Contraindications: Active bleeding, recent surgery

• Uses: Prevent strokes, DVT, PE

Beta blockers

• Therapeutic action: Reduce heart rate and blood pressure

• Generic name: Propranolol, Metoprolol

• Contraindications: Bradycardia, asthma

• Uses: Hypertension, angina, arrhythmias

Diuretics

• Therapeutic action: Increase urine output

• Generic name: Furosemide

• Contraindications: Anuria, electrolyte imbalance

• Uses: Edema, hypertension

Nitrates

• Therapeutic action: Vasodilation (blood vessel widening)

• Generic name: Nitroglycerin

• Contraindications: Hypotension, severe anemia

• Uses: Angina, heart failure

Statins

• Therapeutic action: Lower cholesterol levels

• Generic name: Atorvastatin, Simvastatin

• Contraindications: Liver disease, pregnancy

• Uses: Prevent heart disease, treat high cholesterol

ACE

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (abbrv)

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme

converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, increasing blood pressure

AV

atrioventricular (abbrv)

CABG

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (abbrv)

CAD

Coronary Artery Disease (abbrv)

CC

cubic centimeter (abbrv)

cubic centimeter

(mL) used as volume measurement

Carbon dioxide

byproduct of human respiration

DVT

Deep Vein Thrombosis (abbrv)

ECG/EKG

Electrocardiogram (abbrv)

ECHO

Echocardiogram (abbrv)

Echocardiogram

a test that uses sound waves to create images of the heart's chambers, valves, and surrounding structures

HF

Heart Failure (abbrv)

HTN

hypertension (abbrv)

mmHg

Unit of pressure used in blood pressure measurements

ICD

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (abbrv)

LV

Left Ventricle (abbrv)

RV

Right Ventricle (abbrv)

LA

Left Atrium (abbrv)

Left Atrium

one of the four chambers of the heart, receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

PAD

Peripheral Arterial Disease (abbrv)

RA

Right Atrium (abbrv)

Right Atrium

one of four chambers of the heart, receives deoxygenated blood from the body

SA

sinoatrial/sinoatrial node (abrv)