Religion Midterm (12/19/2022)

All tests/quizzes from the first and second marking period

Covenant with Abraham

Here God promised the land and countless descendants

Covenant at Mt.Sinai

Here God made the Israelites His Chosen People

Original Justice

Adam and Eve's state of perfect harmony with nature

Covenant with Adam

Considered the Protoevangelium

Universal Covenant

God's covenant with Noah belongs in this category

Covenant with David

Here God promised an Eternal King ruling an Eternal Kingdom

Covenant in Jesus Christ

Restored our ability to be reunited with God

The Three Key Missions

to santify, to teach/preach, to govern

The Three Roles of Christ

Priest, Prophet, and King

The Three “Words” of God and their description

1. Cosmic (what God reveals through nature)
2. Prophetic (prophets go around to teach about God)
3. Incarnate (God becomes human, lives among us, and dies for our sins)

What is the Mystery of Incarnation? That is to say, what occurred at the Incarnation?

God became man in order to teach us about His religion and save us from sin

How are humans a kind of incarnation?

We have both human and divine aspects. (spiritual and physical)

What do we need to get to the non-physical?

physical (vise versa for this question. We also need the physical to get to the non-physical.)

Sacrament

the visible sign of the invisible grace instituted by Christ

Who is the visible head of the Church representing Christ, the Invisible Head?

The Pope

How is the Church a kind of incarnation?

The Church has divine/spiritual(perfect) aspects to make us holy and also physical/human(imperfect) aspects to relate more to us, as what incarnation is, divine turning human to become closer to us.

What does th “Great Commission” refer to?

When Jesus sent his Apostles out to “make disciples of all nations” (Matthew 28:19)

The word “Christian” was first used where?

Antioch

All Seven Sacraments are ___.

visible signs of invisible realities and signs of Christ’s self-giving love

Who is considered the successors to the Apostles?

bishops

What is a charism?

a special gift or grace of the Holy Spirit given to an individual Christian or community for the benefit and building up of the entire Church.

What is the Apostolic Succession?

the uninterrupted passing on of apostolic preaching and authority from the Apostles directly to all bishops. It is accomplished through the laying on of hands when a bishop is ordained in the Sacrament of Holy Orders as instituted by Christ. The office of bishop is permanent, because at ordination a bishop is marked with an indelible sacred character.

What is the Feast of Weeks

the Jewish harvest feast on which the Holy Spirit came to the Apostles

Describe some aspects of what life was like in the Early Church.

Went to the temple to pray and to one another’s homes to celebrate mass, they were devoted to the Apostles’ teachings and communal life, and the Apostles did many miracles.

How did Peter become the first Pope?

He became the first Pope when Jesus proclaimed him as a rock, which he will build his church upon, making him the first Pope.

As an example of Peter’s early leadership in the Church, ___.

he was the first to give witness to Christ in a speech at Pentecost, he listened to everyone’s views at the Council of Jerusalem and then considered the best way to proceed, with the help of the Holy Spirit, and he advised choosing a replacement for Judas, and the Apostles took his advice

Who became known as “the Apostle to the Gentiles”?

St.Paul

what Jewish prophecy made the preaching of “Christ crucified” a stumbling block to the Jews?

“Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree.”

What was the primary goal of the Council of Jerusalem (AD 49 or 50)?

to discuss how to welcome Gentile converts into the Church and decide whether they must follow Jewish Law

What is Martyrdom?

Witness to the saving message of Christ through the sacrifice of one’s life

What is another name for the Bishop of Rome?

Pope

What is the Deposit of Faith?

The heritage of faith contained in Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition. It has been passed on from the time of the Apostles. The Magisterium takes from it all that it teaches as revealed truth.

What is the Magisterium?

The Church’s living teaching office, which consists of all bishops, in communion with the Pope, the Bishop of Rome

What does Presbyter mean?

A synonym to elder in the Acts of the Apostles and an alternative word for priest today

What is Sacred Tradition?

From the Latin meaning “to hand on.” Refers to the process of passing on the Gospel message. It began with the oral communication of the Gospel by the Apostles, was written down in Sacred Scripture, and is interpreted by the Magisterium under the guidance of the Holy Spirit

What are the four criteria that had to be met for a writing to be included in the New Testament?

1. Writing must be written by an Apostle or and Apostle’s close associate
2. Used by various Church communities in their prayer and worship
3. Reflect and support the Church’s belief of Jesus’ identity and mission
4. Does not contradict the truth revealed in the Old Testament and any other writings accepted as inspired

How many books make up the Catholic Bible?

73 (46 OT, 27 NT)

What is an apologist?

One who speaks or writes in defense of the Christian Faith

What did the early Christians read in their worship assemblies?

The Psalms and the Jewish Scripture (which we know today as the Old Testament)

What are characteristics of early Christian apologetic texts?

1. they explained to pagans why Christianity is reasonable, creditable, and respectable
2. they defended Christian beliefs and the Christians’ way of life
3. they exposed errors of heresies and contrasted them with the teaching of the Apostles and Sacred Scripture

The hearsay of Gnosticism includes what beliefs?

1. That one earns salvation through knowledge, which can only be known by a favored few
2. That the physical world is inferior to the spiritual world
3. That Christ had no human nature

Describe aspects of early Christian Worship.

They would do the preparation of the gifts, the priests or bishop would do a prayer of thanksgiving, and do Consecration

What are the four requirements to become a Father of the Church?

A- antiquity

H- holiness of life

O- obedience to the rules of Faith

M- magisterial approbation

How many waves of Roman persecution were there?

five

Under which emperor did the worst Roman persecution occur?

Diocletian

State one thing that happened unique to the worst wave of Roman persecution.

People were put to death, property was confiscated, and people were sentenced to hard labor

What are the four reasons for the Roman persecution of Christians?

Christians were seen as:


1. Atheists – because they refused to acknowledge or worship the Roman gods
2. Subversives – worshipping the emperor and other gods fostered unity in the Empire. Christians refused to do this and so were seen as undermining the power and stability of the Empire.


3. Cannibals – because they partook of the Holy Eucharist (the Lord’s Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity).
4. The Cause of Natural Disasters & Disease – By refusing to worship the gods, the gods expressed their anger by sending pestilence, earthquakes, etc.

Why did the Church grow and thrive despite the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire?

* Tertullian— “The blood of the martyrs is the seed of Christianity”
* The courage and conviction of Christians, especially martyrs, won people’s hearts
* A faith worth dying for must be true
* Christian love for the marginalized stood in stark contrast to Roman cruelty
* The basic goodness of Christian morality appealed to intellectuals who sought philosophical value

From a Christian perspective, explain why would it make sense that God would allow the Temple to be destroyed in 70 AD?

The Temple was the only place where the priest of the Old Law offered sacrifice. God established that the Old Laws were not needed so he let them destroy the Temple.

Name the four non-Christian sources that speak of Christ.

1. Josephus
2. Suetonius
3. Pliny the Younger
4. Tacitus

From which non-Christian source do we get the most information about Christ?

Josephus

What hearsay did St. Irenaeus argue against?

Gnosticism

What saint met with Attila the Hun, a meeting which resulted in Attila’s retreat from Rome?

Leo the Great

What does the Greek word Logos mean?

Word

Saint Athanasius is known for what contribution to the life of the Church?

defending Church teachings against the heresy of Arianism

The Nicene Creed is the product of which two Ecumenical Council?

The Councils of Nicaea and Constantinople

What man established monasticism in the East?

St.Basil

What is true about the Early Church after Constantine made Christianity legal?

Many disagreements over doctrine arose

People entered the Church for the sake of political ambition

Bishops were appointed as judges

Punishments became more humane

What document proclaimed religious tolerance throughout the Roman Empire?

Edict of Milan

One of Eastern Emperor Justinian’s great achievements was the building of the Basilica of the _.

Hagia Sophia

Saint Jerome is known for what contribution to the life of the Church?

translating the Bible from its original Hebrew and Greek into Latin, forming the major part of the Vulgate

What factors led to the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West?

1. Constantine moved his capital to Byzantium (later, Constantinople), leaving weak or corrupt emperors to govern the Western Empire
2. Waves of barbarian invasions created economic, social, and political pressures on the Western Empire
3. The Visigoths sacked Rome in AD 410

During the early centuries of the Church, a teacher whose writings extended the Tradition of the Apostles and who continues to be important for the Church’s teachings

Father of the Church

A gathering of the Church’s bishops from around the world convened by the Pope or approved by him to address pressing issues in the Church

Ecumenical Council

A title officially bestowed by the Church on those saints who are highly esteemed for their theological writings, as well as their personal holiness

Doctor of the Church

Taught that Jesus is two persons

Nestorianism

Denied Jesus’ divinity

Arianism

Denied Jesus’ humanity

Docetism

Jesus started with a human nature, but it was replaced by the divine nature

Monophysitism

Gave Mary her greatest title

Council of Ephesus

Condemned the teachings of Arius

Council of Nicaea

Defined the Hypostatic Union

Council of Chalcedon

Choose one of the Fathers or Doctors of the Church you studied in this unit, and outline his key contributions to the Church

St.Athanasius spoke out against Arianism, was exiled for 17 years by the emperors and won the argument about Arianism at the Council of Nicaea

Describe three ways the Church responded to the fall of the Roman Empire in the West

The Church cared for the poor, educated the Clergy and Laity, and created a system of protection and governance.

Was there never a time the Son was not?

True

Is Jesus a human person?

No, he is one person, divine who has a divine and human nature

What Latin title did Constantine take for himself that indicated he was the head of the Christian religion?

Pontifex Maximus

Who was the saint that had become for a number of years practically the only bishop to speak out against Arianism?

St.Athanasius

In one sentence, explain this doctrine: “The Son is consubstantial with the Father.”

The Son and the Father are both divine of God/the same whatness

What heresy did the Council of Ephesus condemn?

Nestorianism

What are the Ten Commandments?

1. Worship the Lord your God; have no other gods
2. Do not take the Lord’s name in vain
3. Keep holy the Sabbath
4. Honor your mother and father
5. Do not kill
6. Do not commit adultery
7. Do not steal
8. Do not lie
9. Do not covet your neighbor’s spouse
10. Do not covet your neighbor’s goods

Who was crowned the first Holy Roman Empire?

Charlemagne

What is lay investiture?

the practice by which a high-ranking secular leader could appoint bishops or abbots and require their Loyalty

What statements characterized Saint Benedict’s community at Monte Cassino?

the monks’ way of life balanced prayer and work (ora et labora)

the community was a complete, self-sustaining economic unit

the community followed the Rule of Benedict, which emphasized moderation in all things

How were Christians and Jews treated in Muslim territories?

They were not allowed to own weapons, pay higher taxes, and excluded from the government.

The person who organized the first monasteries in 320

Pachomius

The political and spiritual power and authority of the Church during the Middle Ages.

Christendom

Pope Gregory VII’s Papal Bull that attempted to eliminate interference from secular rulers in Church matters.

Dictatus Papae

The Holy City of Islam

Mecca

The Donation of Pepin

Papal States

An oath before God that bound those that took it to loyalty to the lord or king

Oath of Fealty