AP Comparative Unit 1

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86 Terms

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Authoritarian Regime

A regime that is ruled with absolute authority by a single leader, a small group or a single political party.

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It limits individual freedoms and lacks transparency.

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Causation

The idea that one variable leads to another. X leads to Y, without X there is no Y.

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Civil society

Citizens form groups outside the government's control to advance their own causes.

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Includes interest groups, labor unions, NGO's (Non-governmental Organizations)

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Cleavages

Deep internal divisions in society that might be based on social class, ethnicity, religion and/ or region (territory)

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Communism

Belief in the abolition of private property with near total governmental control of the economy & industry to eliminate economic disparities

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Corporatism

Interest group system in which the government controls access to policy making by relying on state-sanctioned groups to represent labor, business, and agricultural sectors.

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Correlation

Two variables are associated, but one variable does not necessarily cause the other.

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Democratic Consolidation

The process by which a democratic regime matures in terms of election rules, separation of powers, and protection of civil liberties, making it unlikely to revert to authoritarianism

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Democratic Regime

A regime that bases its authority on the will of the people (popular sovereignty)

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Leaders are elected in free, regular and competitive elections

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More likely to have independent branches and a system of checks and balances

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Democratization

The process of transitioning from an authoritarian regime to a democratic regime.

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Economic Liberalization

When a state reduces its role in the economy and embraces more free market mechanisms

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such as eliminating subsidies and tariffs, privatizing government-owned industries, and opening the economy to foreign direct investment.

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Empirical Statement

Statements that contain factual or objective statements, are provable

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Failed/Fragile State Index

Assesses and ranks countries based on their potential to weaken due to conflicts and domestic turmoil

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Fascism

Extreme nationalist ideology that favors authoritarian rule and the rights of the ethnic majority over that of ethnic minorities and the political opposition

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Federal

Shared power between national and subnational or regional governments.

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Freedom House

Measure the expansion of freedom and democracy around the world

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Ranks countries as Free, Partial Free and Not Free based on scores for political rights and civil liberties

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Gini Coefficient

A measure that shows income inequality within a country.

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A score of 100 indicates complete inequality whereas a Gini score of 0 indicates complete equality

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Economic Globalization

Economic networks that are growing more interconnected. A worldwide market with actors unconstrained by political borders. A reduction in state control over economies

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Government

The individuals/leaders that run the institutions and make policy

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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a given country in a in a year

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Depicts the overall size of a national economy

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Head of government

Executive leader who formulates, implements and enforces policies through the cabinet and different agencies.

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Head of state

Executive leader who represents a nation in ceremonial functions

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Symbolic representative of a country

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Human Development Index (HDI)

A measure that shows a country's social and economic achievements such as life expectancy, standard of living, and education.

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Illiberal democracy (hybrid)

A regime that combine democratic traits with autocratic ones. Has direct elections that are not fair, political repression, limited civil rights/liberties etc.

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Individualism

An ideology that value individual civil liberties and freedom over governmental restrictions

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Legitimacy

Citizens' belief that the government has the right to rule

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Nation

A group of people who share a sense of belonging and traits such as language, culture, religion, ethnicity, race, political identity or a set of traditions or aspirations.

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Nationalization

The process in which a government takes control of natural resources and industries.

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Neoliberalism

An economic ideology favoring policies that support free market and reduce trade barriers.

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Normative Statement

Statements that contain subjective or value-related judgments (opinion), not provable.

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Parliamentary systems

A system in which the executive and legislative branches are combined (fused). The national legislature selects and removes the head of government and cabinet.

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The top executive has no term limits and can be removed with a vote of no confidence

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GDP Per Capita

GDP divided by population.

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Is used to measure a country's average living standards.

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A higher value indicates a more developed country

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Pluralism

An interest group system that promotes competition among autonomous groups not linked to the state.

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Political Liberalization

Governments reduce control over people and society, expanding civil liberties and rights.

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Populism

Political philosophy that supports the interests and rights of the common people over that of the elites

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Presidential system

A system in which the executive and legislature are elected independently and have separate powers. The top executive serves as both the head of state and head of government, has a fixed term and can be removed through impeachment.

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Privatization

The process in which a government sells off ownership of natural resources and industries

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Proportional Representation

Citizens vote for parties, not people.

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Seats are distributed based on % of votes a party receives.

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Encourage a proliferation of small parties & promote a multiparty system

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Qualitative

Descriptive.

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Information that seeks to describe a topic through text and visuals, such as speeches, documents, political cartoons, and commentaries.

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Quantitative

Numerical. Data and facts from Charts, Tables, Graphs

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Referendum

Allow citizens to vote directly on policy

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Regime

The institutions/rules that control access to and the exercise of political power. Endure from government to government. Can be democratic or authoritarian

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Rule of Law

Equal treatment for everyone under the law. No one is above the law

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Rule by Law

Government and powerful groups are above the law and use it to advance their own interests.

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Citizens experience arbitrary and inconsistent treatment.

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Semi Presidential system

Fusion between parliamentary and presidential systems

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Divides executive power between a directly elected president and a prime minister

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Separatist Movement

An internal group that advocates secession from society or state which can diminish the sovereignty of that government

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Single Member District/First Past the Post

Citizens vote for people, not parties.

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Whomever wins the most votes wins the district. One representative per district. Results in two party systems

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Social movements

Large groups of people pushing for significant social or political change.

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Socialism

Belief in the reduction of income disparities and the nationalization of major private industries

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Sovereignty

The right and power of a state to rule a particular area or population without outside interference (self-rule)

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State

A political entity of a specific territory that includes: the institutions of government, citizens (permanent population), international recognition

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Supranational Organization

An organization which have sovereign powers over the national governments that are member states

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Transparency International

Measure corruption around the world

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Unitary

Power is centralized in the national government. Subnational or regional governments may exist, but their power is limited.

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Multinational Organizations (MNCs)

Companies with facilities or assets in more than one country such as Nike, Starbucks

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electoral authoritarian regime

a regime in which leaders hold elections and tolerate some pluralism and interparty competition but violate minimal democratic norms so severely and systematically that it makes no sense to classify them as democracies

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charismatic legitimacy

The right to rule based on the personality of an individual

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traditional legitimacy

the right to rule based on a society's long-standing patterns and practices

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rational-legal legitimacy

the right of leaders to rule based on their selection according to an accepted set of laws, standards, or procedures

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Personalist Authoritarian Regime

Discretion of leader is paramount.

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Leader unconstrained by rules or institutions.

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Leader has small inner circle built on trust.

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Narrow group of beneficiaries.

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He rotates personnel to prevent alternative centers of power.

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Examples: Mao Zedong in China (1949-1976 ); Idi Amin in Uganda (1971-1979).

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One party rule

Rule by one political party, with other parties banned or excluded from power.

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Theocratic Authoritarianism

Direct or indirect rule by religious authorities

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Leaders claim divine guidance to hold the authority to rule