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Authoritarian Regime
A regime that is ruled with absolute authority by a single leader, a small group or a single political party.
It limits individual freedoms and lacks transparency.
Causation
The idea that one variable leads to another. X leads to Y, without X there is no Y.
Civil society
Citizens form groups outside the government's control to advance their own causes.
Includes interest groups, labor unions, NGO's (Non-governmental Organizations)
Cleavages
Deep internal divisions in society that might be based on social class, ethnicity, religion and/ or region (territory)
Communism
Belief in the abolition of private property with near total governmental control of the economy & industry to eliminate economic disparities
Corporatism
Interest group system in which the government controls access to policy making by relying on state-sanctioned groups to represent labor, business, and agricultural sectors.
Correlation
Two variables are associated, but one variable does not necessarily cause the other.
Democratic Consolidation
The process by which a democratic regime matures in terms of election rules, separation of powers, and protection of civil liberties, making it unlikely to revert to authoritarianism
Democratic Regime
A regime that bases its authority on the will of the people (popular sovereignty)
Leaders are elected in free, regular and competitive elections
More likely to have independent branches and a system of checks and balances
Democratization
The process of transitioning from an authoritarian regime to a democratic regime.
Economic Liberalization
When a state reduces its role in the economy and embraces more free market mechanisms
such as eliminating subsidies and tariffs, privatizing government-owned industries, and opening the economy to foreign direct investment.
Empirical Statement
Statements that contain factual or objective statements, are provable
Failed/Fragile State Index
Assesses and ranks countries based on their potential to weaken due to conflicts and domestic turmoil
Fascism
Extreme nationalist ideology that favors authoritarian rule and the rights of the ethnic majority over that of ethnic minorities and the political opposition
Federal
Shared power between national and subnational or regional governments.
Freedom House
Measure the expansion of freedom and democracy around the world
Ranks countries as Free, Partial Free and Not Free based on scores for political rights and civil liberties
Gini Coefficient
A measure that shows income inequality within a country.
A score of 100 indicates complete inequality whereas a Gini score of 0 indicates complete equality
Economic Globalization
Economic networks that are growing more interconnected. A worldwide market with actors unconstrained by political borders. A reduction in state control over economies
Government
The individuals/leaders that run the institutions and make policy
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a given country in a in a year
Depicts the overall size of a national economy
Head of government
Executive leader who formulates, implements and enforces policies through the cabinet and different agencies.
Head of state
Executive leader who represents a nation in ceremonial functions
Symbolic representative of a country
Human Development Index (HDI)
A measure that shows a country's social and economic achievements such as life expectancy, standard of living, and education.
Illiberal democracy (hybrid)
A regime that combine democratic traits with autocratic ones. Has direct elections that are not fair, political repression, limited civil rights/liberties etc.
Individualism
An ideology that value individual civil liberties and freedom over governmental restrictions
Legitimacy
Citizens' belief that the government has the right to rule
Nation
A group of people who share a sense of belonging and traits such as language, culture, religion, ethnicity, race, political identity or a set of traditions or aspirations.
Nationalization
The process in which a government takes control of natural resources and industries.
Neoliberalism
An economic ideology favoring policies that support free market and reduce trade barriers.
Normative Statement
Statements that contain subjective or value-related judgments (opinion), not provable.
Parliamentary systems
A system in which the executive and legislative branches are combined (fused). The national legislature selects and removes the head of government and cabinet.
The top executive has no term limits and can be removed with a vote of no confidence
GDP Per Capita
GDP divided by population.
Is used to measure a country's average living standards.
A higher value indicates a more developed country
Pluralism
An interest group system that promotes competition among autonomous groups not linked to the state.
Political Liberalization
Governments reduce control over people and society, expanding civil liberties and rights.
Populism
Political philosophy that supports the interests and rights of the common people over that of the elites
Presidential system
A system in which the executive and legislature are elected independently and have separate powers. The top executive serves as both the head of state and head of government, has a fixed term and can be removed through impeachment.
Privatization
The process in which a government sells off ownership of natural resources and industries
Proportional Representation
Citizens vote for parties, not people.
Seats are distributed based on % of votes a party receives.
Encourage a proliferation of small parties & promote a multiparty system
Qualitative
Descriptive.
Information that seeks to describe a topic through text and visuals, such as speeches, documents, political cartoons, and commentaries.
Quantitative
Numerical. Data and facts from Charts, Tables, Graphs
Referendum
Allow citizens to vote directly on policy
Regime
The institutions/rules that control access to and the exercise of political power. Endure from government to government. Can be democratic or authoritarian
Rule of Law
Equal treatment for everyone under the law. No one is above the law
Rule by Law
Government and powerful groups are above the law and use it to advance their own interests.
Citizens experience arbitrary and inconsistent treatment.
Semi Presidential system
Fusion between parliamentary and presidential systems
Divides executive power between a directly elected president and a prime minister
Separatist Movement
An internal group that advocates secession from society or state which can diminish the sovereignty of that government
Single Member District/First Past the Post
Citizens vote for people, not parties.
Whomever wins the most votes wins the district. One representative per district. Results in two party systems
Social movements
Large groups of people pushing for significant social or political change.
Socialism
Belief in the reduction of income disparities and the nationalization of major private industries
Sovereignty
The right and power of a state to rule a particular area or population without outside interference (self-rule)
State
A political entity of a specific territory that includes: the institutions of government, citizens (permanent population), international recognition
Supranational Organization
An organization which have sovereign powers over the national governments that are member states
Transparency International
Measure corruption around the world
Unitary
Power is centralized in the national government. Subnational or regional governments may exist, but their power is limited.
Multinational Organizations (MNCs)
Companies with facilities or assets in more than one country such as Nike, Starbucks
electoral authoritarian regime
a regime in which leaders hold elections and tolerate some pluralism and interparty competition but violate minimal democratic norms so severely and systematically that it makes no sense to classify them as democracies
charismatic legitimacy
The right to rule based on the personality of an individual
traditional legitimacy
the right to rule based on a society's long-standing patterns and practices
rational-legal legitimacy
the right of leaders to rule based on their selection according to an accepted set of laws, standards, or procedures
Personalist Authoritarian Regime
Discretion of leader is paramount.
Leader unconstrained by rules or institutions.
Leader has small inner circle built on trust.
Narrow group of beneficiaries.
He rotates personnel to prevent alternative centers of power.
Examples: Mao Zedong in China (1949-1976 ); Idi Amin in Uganda (1971-1979).
One party rule
Rule by one political party, with other parties banned or excluded from power.
Theocratic Authoritarianism
Direct or indirect rule by religious authorities
Leaders claim divine guidance to hold the authority to rule