ATI TEAS Science 7 - Anatomy and Physiology COMPREHENSIVE

Cephalic

head

Cranial

skull

Facial

face

Occipital

base of skull

Temporal

temple

Orbital or ocular

eye

Otic

ear

Buccal

cheek

Nasal

nose

Oral

mouth

Mental

chin

Cervical

neck

Sternal

breastbone

Thoracic

chest

Mammary

breast

Acrominal

shoulder

Scapular

shoulder blade

Verebral

spinal column

Lumbar

lower back

Dorsal

back

Axillary

armpit

Brachial

arm

Antecubial

front of elbow

Olecranal or cubical

back of elbow

Antebrachial

forearm

Carpal

wrist

Palmar

palm

Pollex

thumb

Dorsum

Back of the head

Manual

hand

digital or phalangeal

fingers

Abdominal

abdomen

Umbilical

navel

Coxa

hip

Sacral

between hips

Coccygeal

tailbone

Gluteal

buttock

Pelvic

pelvis

Pubic

pubis

Perineal

between anus and external genitalia

Inguinal

groin

Femoral

thigh

Patella

front of knee

Popliteal

back of knee

Crural

shin

Sural

calf

Pedal

foot

Tarsal

ankle

digital/phalangeal

toes

Plantar

sole of foot

Dorsum

top of foot

Hallux

great toe

Calcaneal

Heel

Anterior

Toward the front (kneecap)

Posterior

Toward the back (shoulder blades)

Superior

Toward the head

Inferior

Inferior

Medial

Toward the midline (chest)

Lateral

Away from the midline (little toe)

Proximal

closer to the trunk of the body (end of femur joins pelvic bone)

Distal

further away from the trunk of the body (hand is distal to shoulder)

Sagittal plane/median

divides body into left and right

Frontal plane/coronal

divides body into front and back

Transverse plane/cross section

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

Structure of respiratory system

Nose, nostrils, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, right lung, left lung

Respiratory system is responsible for

Taking in oxygen from the environment and releasing carbon dioxide which is a by product of our metabolism

Nose

External opening to our respiratory system

Within the nose you have

Nostrils, which leads to the nasal cavity which is divided into two sections by the septum

Throat

Tube that starts behind the nose and goes down into the esophagus

Larynx

voice box, located at the top of the trachea

Trachea

windpipe, goes from larynx into bronchi

Bronchi

2 main tubes that leas from the trachea to the lungs

Bronchioles

smaller tubes that branch from the bronchi and lead to the alveoli

Alevoli

little sacs in the lungs. thin-walled microscopic air sacs that exchange gases (grape clusters)

Right Lung

Divided into 3 sections

Left lung

Divided into 2 sections, where your heart sits, in order to make room for the heart your body has done so by removing a section giving your heart a little bit more room inside your chest cavity

Function of respiratory system

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, maintain pH of blood

When we breathe in, inhale?

diaphragm contracts and moves downward

Increases volume within your thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure that's inside it

Oxygen is then pulled in from the atmosphere

Oxygen passes from the alevoli into the blood, resulting with airflow into the lungs

When you breathe out, exhale?

Your diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards

This decreases volume in thoracic cavity and increases the pressure inside of it

Carbon dioxide is released from the alevoli into the lungs (ventilation)

Airflows out of your lungs

When the blood becomes too acidic?

The respiratory system kicks into overdrive and removes that excess acid through our respiratory system

This is done by blowing off carbon dioxide which is considered an acidic gas

Factors that can affect our respiratory system.

1) Diseases (pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, mucus buildup (difficult to inhale/exhale)

asthma is common, ultimately your airways narrow making it more difficult to breathe

2)Cigarettes

3)Pollution and dust

4)Allergies and inflammation (airways become narrowed and inflamed)

The heart is

a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

has four chambers: right and left atrium, right and left ventricle

Septum (Wall that separates the separate the left and right side of our chambers)

The cardiovascular system is made up of

heart, blood vessels, blood

The blood vessels?

Carry blood throughout the body

What are the three major types of blood vessels?

arteries, capillaries, veins

Arteries

carry rich oxygenated blood away from the ventricles of the heart

veins

carry poor deoxygenated blood throughout the heart

Once our arteries carry oxygenated blood throughout the body, it gets delivered into our?

Capillaries

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels that connect our arteries to our veins, where the exchange of nutrients take place

Blood

liquid that carries oxygen, nutrients that goes throughout our body

then takes carbon dioxide and waste products back from the blood

Once collected, goes back into our veins or back to the heart where the exchange takes place (so we are either breathing our our carbon dioxide or breathing in oxygen)

The two cycles of contractions, what happens during our cardiac cycle

The systole and diastole

Systole

contraction of the heart

The blood is being pumped out of the heart and into the arteries

The atrial ventricular valve, our mitral and our tricuspid valves close, that closing of valves causes LUB

Diastole

relaxation of the heart DUB

Blood is flowing into the heart and filling the chambers

This is when our semi lunar valves, aortic and pulmonic valves close causes DUB

Hearts electrical systems consists of

Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of HIS, Left and Right bundle Branch, purkinje fibers

We have nodes (pacemakers) throughout the heart, that lets the heart know..

that it needs to contract

Sinoatrial node

primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium

Gives us beats 60-100bpm

If SA node gives up, next pacemaker that would kick in would be

atrioventricular node

Not as fast as SA node, 40-60bpm

If SA node and AN node, last effort of the heart are the

Purkinje fibers, bottom of the heart

20-40bpm

The carbon dioxide, waste and oxygen poor Deoxygenated blood

transported through the veins back to the heart > right atrium > right ventricle > lungs

The heart pumps Oxygenated blood

to the arteries from the lungs > left atrium > left ventricle > aorta > body

The blood then flows through the capillaries (where it exchanges oxygen and nutrients in the tissues for carbon dioxide and waste)