metabolism

What macromolecules can the body use for energy?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

What is the primary energy currency of the cell?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Where does glycolysis occur?

In the cytoplasm

What is required for aerobic respiration?

Oxygen

What type of respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen?

Anaerobic respiration

Which macronutrient is typically broken down first for energy?

Carbohydrates

What happens to glucose during oxidation?

It loses electrons (removal of hydrogen atoms)

What hormone is needed for glucose uptake in adipose and skeletal muscle tissue?

Insulin

What happens to proteins and lipids when they are broken down for energy?

Proteins are broken into amino acids; lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

What determines whether a substance can cross the cell membrane easily?

Whether it is lipid-soluble

What is a reducing agent in cellular respiration?

Glucose

What organelle is responsible for ATP production during aerobic respiration?

Mitochondria

What process removes hydrogen atoms during glucose breakdown?

Oxidation

How do glucose, amino acids, and other water-soluble substances cross membranes?

They require transporters

What increases protein synthesis and glucose availability in the body?

Anabolic hormones