APWH Unit Review Notes

Confucianism

Confucianism

Emphasizes societal relations and hierarchical structures like father-son, promotes filial piety, influenced Neo-Confucianism, restricted women's roles.

Imperial Bureaucracy

System where government officials assist the Emperor, involves civil service exams, appoints best-qualified individuals, legitimizing rule.

Song Economics

Focuses on commercialization, surplus production, large iron and steel output, advancements in agriculture tools like Champa rice, expansion of transportation via the Grand Canal and ships.

Dar-al-Islam

Refers to the Islamic world, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, marked by trade, empires like the Abbasid Caliphate, and spread through military, merchants, and missionaries.

Hinduism

Includes the caste system for a better afterlife, Bhakti movement emphasizing worship of one god and rejecting hierarchy, significant in South and Southeast Asia.

State Building in the Americas

Encompasses civilizations like the Maya, Aztec, and Inca, characterized by decentralized power structures, tribute systems, and unique societal organizations.

Sub-Saharan Africa

Involves regions like Swahili and West/East Africa, known for strategic trade locations, Islamic influence, and economic stability through long-distance trade.

Christianity in Europe

Describes the dominance of Christianity post-Roman Empire, the split between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism, feudalism, and the rise of monarchies.

Silk Roads

Facilitated trade and cultural exchange, introduced innovations like paper money, credit systems, and transportation advancements, leading to increased trade and urbanization.

Mongol Empire

United various pastoral groups under Genghis Khan, established the Pax Mongolica, promoted trade routes, cultural exchanges, and technological transfers across their vast empire.

Cultural Exchange

Interaction between different cultures facilitated by travelers stopping at trade towns like Kashgar and Samarkand along the Silk Roads.

Hanseatic League

A commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns that dominated trade in Northern Europe.

Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Qing dynasties that expanded using gunpowder technology and controlled vast territories.

Devshirme

Ottoman practice of recruiting Christian boys from conquered territories to serve in the military or bureaucracy.

Divine Right of Kings

European belief that monarchs derive their authority from God, justifying their rule.

Tax Farming

Ottoman practice where individuals bid for the right to collect taxes, often leading to exploitation of the population.

Protestant Reformation

Movement led by Martin Luther challenging the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and leading to the formation of Protestant churches.

Scientific Revolution

Period of great advancements in science and mathematics, leading to the development of the scientific method and challenging traditional beliefs.

Maritime Technology

Innovations like the magnetic compass and lateen sail that revolutionized European exploration and trade by sea.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Old World and the New World following Christopher Columbus's voyages.

Cash Crops

Crops grown for exports, such as sugar cane in the Caribbean worked by coerced African labor.

Environmental Consequences

Sheep overgrazing leading to erosion, exemplifying the impact of introduced animals in new environments.

Maritime Empires

European nations like Portugal, Spain, Dutch, and British establishing trading posts and colonies through force and coercion.

Chattle Slavery

System where slaves are owned as property, often based on race and hereditary status.

Encomienda System

Spanish system where indigenous people provided labor in exchange for food and protection, focusing on controlling the population.

Joint Stock Company

Privately funded companies granted monopolies by governments to expand power and influence in trade.

Middle Passage

Brutal journey where African slaves were forcibly transported to the Americas, with high mortality rates.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing rationalism, empiricism, natural rights, and social contract theory, leading to revolutions and new political ideas.

Nationalism

Ideology based on commonalities like culture or language, leading to political dissent, revolutions, and the rise of new government systems.

Industrial Revolution

Transition from agrarian to industrial societies through technological advancements, urbanization, legal protections, and capital accumulation.

Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid industrial growth characterized by technological advancements and increased production.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Railway built in Russia to enhance trade with China and facilitate internal market growth.

Meiji Restoration

Transformation in Japan focusing on modernization, technology, and education to become a regional power.

Bessemer Process

Method for mass-producing steel, leading to stronger and cheaper steel production.

Laissez-faire Capitalism

Economic system where the government has minimal interference, allowing supply and demand to regulate the market.

Karl Marx

Philosopher advocating for the working class to control production and resources, forming the basis of socialism and communism.

Stock Market

Platform for trading shares of companies, offering limited liability to investors.

Social Contract

Concept that governments exist to meet social and economic needs rather than by divine decree.

Peasant revolts

Uprisings by rural agricultural workers against oppressive conditions or rulers.

Creole revolts

Revolts led by Creoles (people of European descent born in the Americas) against colonial authorities.

Gran Colombia

A short-lived republic in South America, comprising the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama.

Nationalism

A sense of pride and loyalty towards one's nation, often leading to desires for self-rule and independence.

Scientific racism

The belief that races can be ranked based on scientific evidence, often used to justify colonialism and imperialism.

Civilizing mission

The idea that Western societies have a duty to bring their culture and civilization to other nations, often through colonization.

Economic imperialism

Control over a country or region through economic means, such as trade agreements or resource exploitation.

Demographic change

Shifts in population patterns due to factors like industrialization, famine, or economic opportunities.

Indian National Congress

A political party in India formed in 1885 to advocate for independence from British colonial rule.

Meiji Restoration

A period in Japan's history marked by rapid modernization and Westernization in the late 19th century.

Monroe Doctrine

US President Monroe declared Western Hemisphere off-limits to Europeans in 1823, supported by Britain to prevent Spanish actions.

Panama Canal

Built by the US in Panama, exercising imperialism over Latin America for strategic purposes.

Spanish-American War

Fought in 1898, resulted in US gaining control over Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba.

Young Ottomans

Advocated for liberal political reform in the declining Ottoman Empire, leading to the emergence of the Young Turks.

Russian Revolution

Overthrew the Tsarist regime, leading to the establishment of the Soviet state under Bolshevik rule.

Qing Dynasty

Faced internal rebellions like the Taiping Rebellion and foreign invasions, weakening the empire.

Mexican Revolution

Overthrew Diaz's regime, leading to reforms like suffrage and land redistribution in Mexico.

Causes of WW1

Militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Total War

Mobilization of entire populations, targeting civilians, and the use of propaganda during WW1.

German Hyperinflation

Resulted from war debts and reparations, leading to economic instability in post-WWI Germany.

Mandate System

Introduced after WW1, dividing territories and administered by the League of Nations.

Japanese Expansion

Involved in territorial expansion in Manchuria and China, leading to conflicts with the League of Nations.

Anti-Imperial Resistance

Movements like the Indian National Congress and African National Congress against colonial rule.

Causes of WW2

Included economic crises, rise of totalitarian regimes, appeasement, and territorial ambitions.

Total War in WW2

Involved mass mobilization, ideologies like fascism and communism, and new technologies like the atomic bomb.

Mass Atrocities in the 20th Century

Included genocides like the Armenian Genocide, Holocaust, and Cambodian Genocide.

The World War I Era

Marked by alliances, the Schlieffen Plan, the Treaty of Versailles, and the Russian Revolution.

Stalin and the Soviet Union

Lenin's NEP, Stalin's Five-Year Plans, and the impact of the Great Depression on the Soviet Union.

The Great Depression

Caused by economic instability, leading to the rise of fascism and totalitarian regimes.

Fascism

Ideology emphasizing extreme nationalism, authoritarianism, and the subjugation of individual will for the state's benefit.

Dictatorship in Spain

Established in 1939 with help from Germany and Italy, controlling large parts of Spain.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Agreement between Germans and Soviets to divide Europe's land and stay out of each other's countries.

Blitzkrieg

Hitler's technique that swiftly conquered territories, leading to German control of Poland, Holland, Belgium, and France by early 1940.

Battle of Britain

Winston Churchill's resistance to German pressures, including airstrikes, during World War II.

Pearl Harbor

Japanese bombing of Hawaii in 1941, leading to the US declaring war on Japan.

Marshall Plan

US initiative to rebuild Western Europe's economies after WWII.

The Holocaust

Systematic killing of millions of Jews in concentration camps by Germans to create the Aryan race.

Cold War

State of tension and rivalry between the US and Soviet Union lasting from 1945 to the early 1990s.

Iron Curtain

Symbolic division between Western and Eastern blocs during the Cold War.

Tiananmen Square Massacre

Government crackdown on protesters in China demanding democratic reforms.

Cuban Revolution

Overthrow of the Batista Dictatorship in Cuba led by Fidel Castro in 1959.

Berlin Wall

Constructed by Soviets to divide East and West Berlin during the Cold War, torn down in 1989.

African National Congress

Formed in 1912 to oppose European colonialism in Africa, played a key role in South Africa's anti-apartheid movement.

Balfour Declaration

1917 statement supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Six-Day War

Conflict in 1967 where Israel gained control of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights.