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Abutment
the outermost end supports on a bridge, which carry the load from the deck
Anchorage
a secure fixing, usually made of reinforced concrete to which the cables are fastened
Arch Bridge
a curved structure that converts the downward force of its own weight, and of any weight pressing down on top of it, into an outward force along its sides and base
Beam
a rigid, usually horizontal, structural element
Beam Bridge
a simple type of bridge, composed of horizontal beams supported by vertical posts
Bedrock
the solid rock layer beneath sand or silt
Brittle
characteristic of a material that fails without warning; do not stretch or shorten before failing
Buckle
to bend under compression
Cable
a structural element formed from steel wire bound in strands; the suspending element in a bridge; the supporting element in some dome roofs
Cable-Stayed Bridge
a bridge in which the roadway deck is suspended from cables anchored to one or more towers
Caisson
a watertight, dry chamber in which people can work underwater
Caisson Disease
an affliction developed by people moving in and out of caissons quickly; also called the bends and decompression sickness
Cantilever
a projecting structure supported only at one end, like a shelf bracket or a diving board
Cast Iron
a brittle alloy with high carbon content; iron that has been melted, then poured into a form and cooled; can be made into any shape
Compression
a pressing force that squeezes a material together
Concrete
a mixture of water, sand, small stones, and a gray powder called cement
Continuous Span Beam Bridge
simple bridge made by linking one beam bridge to another; some of the longest bridges in the world are these
Dead Load
a structure’s own weight
Deck
supported roadway on a bridge
Dynamic Equilibrium
a state where the object is in equilibrium and in motion
First Condition for Equilibrium
the sum of all forces is zero
Girder
a large beam, usually steel or concrete
Iron
a chemical element; one of the cheapest and most used metals
Live Load
the weight of traffic passing over the bridge
Load
weight distribution throughout a structure
Mechanical Equilibrium
a state wherein no physical changes occur
Pressure
a force applied or distributed per a unit area
Reinforced Concrete
concrete with steel bars or mesh embedded in it for increased strength in tension
Second Condition for Equilibrium
the sum of all torques is zero
Shear
a force that causes parts of a material to slide past one another in opposite directions
Static Equilibrium
a state where the object is in equilibrium and at rest
Steel
an alloy of iron and carbon that is hard, strong, and malleable
Suspension Bridge
a bridge in which the roadway deck is suspended from cables that pass over two towers; the cables are anchored in housings at either end of the bridge
Tensile Strength
the ability of a material to withstand tension
Tension
a stretching force that pulls on a material
Torsion
an action that twists a material
Truss
a rigid frame composed of short, straight pieces joined to form a series of triangles or other stable shapes
Tuned Mass Damper
a mechanical counterweight designed to reduce the effects of motion, such as subduing a bridge deck’s tendency to vibrate
Wrought Iron
an iron alloy that is less brittle than cast iron