IB SEHS - Topic 5.2

Flashcards for IB SEHS topic 5.

Information processing

Information processing

The system by which we take information from our surrounding environment, we use it to make a decision and then produce an appropriate response

Input and Output

Input: Stimulus, Environment the performer can see, hear and feel

Output: Response, what the performer does

Processing

Input - Decision Making - output

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and Spinal cord

Welford’s Model

account for more factors and explains how we process information more clearly

• Sense organs

• Perception

• Short term memory

• Long term memory

• Decision making

• Effector control 

• Feedback

Noise: Non essential background information

Proprioceptors

Detection Process

D - Represents the individual's sensitivity to that particular signal

C - Represents the effect of a person’s bias on detection

Detection process is affected by

Levels of arousal

Too low = missed

Too high = error in detection (too stressed)

Early Signal Detection

Able to process information better when you have experienced it before

Improving Signal Detection

ensure you are mentally ready to perform

Short Term Sensory Store

Believed that all information is held for a brief time in the STSS and most is lost within 0.5 seconds however If information is rehearsed then it can be passed to the STM

Short term memory

Capacity: 7+/-2

Duration: Lost within 10 seconds

Long term memory

Capacity: no limit

Duration: no limit

Rehearsal

Required to get information into long term memory and be able to later recall the information

Chunking

Taking information and putting several pieces of info into a meaningful chunk

Coding

Information associated with images can be recalled better with the associations

Brevity

Easier to remember short and specific details rather than long and vague information

Clarity

If the information is clear and understood it is easier to remember

Organization

If the information is in a clear and logical format it makes it easier for recall (writing notes)

Association

Semantic understanding increases recall

Practice

same with rehearsal it establishes long term memory

Response Time

The time from the introduction of a stimulus to the completion of the action to deal with the problem

Response Time = Reaction Time + Movement Time

Factors that determine response time

Reaction time includes signal transmission, detection, recognition, decision time to respond, nerve transmission time and initiation of action - Our reaction speed is the number of choices the individual has to make

Response increases with age → regreses as we get older

Ability, gender, individual difference may also be a factor in reaction time

Can train our limb speed more that we can our reaction time

Hick’s Law

number of choices affects time

Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)

First stimulus = react accordingly

Second stimulus = shortly after the first reaction is followed through there will be a slower reaction to the second stimulus

Motor Programme

A set of movements stored as a whole in the memory regardless of whether feedback is used in their execution

Motor Programme example

Executive programme (e.g tennis serve)

Coordination of subroutines (in tennis serve → focus on grip, stance, swing, etc)

Compare motor programmes from both open and closed loop perspective

Open and closed

-Open loop - might perform skill with no recourse to feedback e.g boxer punch

-Closed - have time to alter or react with our movement e.g slow baseball pitch