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Flashcards for IB SEHS topic 5.
Information processing
The system by which we take information from our surrounding environment, we use it to make a decision and then produce an appropriate response
Input and Output
Input: Stimulus, Environment the performer can see, hear and feel
Output: Response, what the performer does
Processing
Input - Decision Making - output
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and Spinal cord
Welford’s Model
account for more factors and explains how we process information more clearly
Sense organs
Perception
Short term memory
Long term memory
Decision making
Effector control
Feedback
Noise: Non essential background information
Proprioceptors
Detection Process
D - Represents the individual's sensitivity to that particular signal
C - Represents the effect of a person’s bias on detection
Detection process is affected by
Levels of arousal
Too low = missed
Too high = error in detection (too stressed)
Early Signal Detection
Able to process information better when you have experienced it before
Improving Signal Detection
ensure you are mentally ready to perform
Short Term Sensory Store
Believed that all information is held for a brief time in the STSS and most is lost within 0.5 seconds however If information is rehearsed then it can be passed to the STM
Short term memory
Capacity: 7+/-2
Duration: Lost within 10 seconds
Long term memory
Capacity: no limit
Duration: no limit
Rehearsal
Required to get information into long term memory and be able to later recall the information
Chunking
Taking information and putting several pieces of info into a meaningful chunk
Coding
Information associated with images can be recalled better with the associations
Brevity
Easier to remember short and specific details rather than long and vague information
Clarity
If the information is clear and understood it is easier to remember
Organization
If the information is in a clear and logical format it makes it easier for recall (writing notes)
Association
Semantic understanding increases recall
Practice
same with rehearsal it establishes long term memory
Response Time
The time from the introduction of a stimulus to the completion of the action to deal with the problem
Response Time = Reaction Time + Movement Time
Factors that determine response time
Reaction time includes signal transmission, detection, recognition, decision time to respond, nerve transmission time and initiation of action - Our reaction speed is the number of choices the individual has to make
Response increases with age → regreses as we get older
Ability, gender, individual difference may also be a factor in reaction time
Can train our limb speed more that we can our reaction time
Hick’s Law
number of choices affects time
Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)
First stimulus = react accordingly
Second stimulus = shortly after the first reaction is followed through there will be a slower reaction to the second stimulus
Motor Programme
A set of movements stored as a whole in the memory regardless of whether feedback is used in their execution
Motor Programme example
Executive programme (e.g tennis serve)
Coordination of subroutines (in tennis serve → focus on grip, stance, swing, etc)
Compare motor programmes from both open and closed loop perspective
Open and closed
-Open loop - might perform skill with no recourse to feedback e.g boxer punch
-Closed - have time to alter or react with our movement e.g slow baseball pitch
Note
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