Test Guide: Chapter 13-16

Materials

- are basic building substances

- use to create built environments

- give form, shape, variety, and distinction to spaces

Material Selections

- Functional Characteristics

- Aesthetic Considerations

- Ecological Considerations

- Economic Considerations or Life-Cycle Assessment

Sick Building Syndrome

- caused by low levels of indoor pollutants

Lumber Sizes

- The surfaced size of a nominal 2 x 4 ( 1 1/2 x 3 1/2 inches)

- Standardized lengths (8, 10, 12,...) for flexibility

Lumber Unit

- Board Foot

Wood Types

- Hardwood and Softwood

Hardwood

- Hardwoods come from broad-leafed or deciduous trees that lose their leaves in the winter (oak, maple, walnut, birch,...)

- Finer grain and are used in

interior trim, paneling surfaces, furniture, and finished

flooring

Softwood

- Softwoods come from evergreen or

coniferous trees that keep their leaves or

needles throughout the year (cedar, pine, redwood,...)

- Mostly for structural members and general-purpose

construction.

Wood Joinery

- Crucial for durability, especially for furniture and cabinetry

Wood Joints

- Butt Joint: weakest joint

- Dovetail, Tongue and Groove, Box Joint: stronger bonds

Masonry

- Refers to installing natural rock, stone, brick, tile, and other modular unit compositions

Stone

- Oldest building material

- 3 classified stone types:

+ Igneous

+ Sedimentary

+ Metamorphic

Igneous (Granite)

- Formed from cooled molten rock

- Dense, hard, and durable; is fine- or

coarse-grained.

Sedimentary (Sandstone, Limestone, Shale)

- Formed primarily by water, chemical action,

and erosion

Metamorphic (Marble and Slate)

- Formed by intense pressure and heat from igneous or sedimentary rock

- Marble results from the crystallization of limestone

- Slate is a rather brittle rock that splits readily

into thin sheets.

Brick

- Long history of use, versatile, relatively inexpensive

- Made of mud

- Modular size: 4x8x2 with 3 holes

Concrete Block

- CMU

- lightweight masonry unit composed of Portland cement and porous aggregates, such as cinders, volcanic ash,

or pumice

Ceramic

- Popular wall and floor coverings for millennia

- Pottery: Stoneware and earthenware

- Ceramic tiles

Glazed and Mosaic Tiles

- Glazed Tile: Excellent for interior and exterior

- Mosaics: Small pieces of material together

Quarry Tiles

- thickest and strongest among the tiles

- Common in restaurants, often terracotta colored

Metal

- ferrous (iron-bearing)

- nonferrous (ironless)

Plastics

- Derived from common materials, such

as coal, air, water, wood, and mainly oil

- Thermoplastics and thermoset plastics

Thermoplastic

- Soften when heated and harden when cooled.

- Ex: polyethylene (plastic bags), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABSs), vinyls, and polyvinyl chlorides (PVCs)

Thermoset plastics

- Cannot be reshaped by heating because once formed in the manufacturing process, they become rigid.

- Ex: melamines, epoxies, phenolics, and polyesters.

Textiles

- important materials that contribute to the overall design of an interior space

Four Basic Weight Categories of Fabrics

- Sheer/Thin

- Lightweight

- Medium-weight

- Heavy-weight

Functional Fabric

- include serviceability expectations, as well as

design and performance qualities

- durability, strength, stain resistance, water resistance, and sometimes flame resistance

Weaving

- is done on looms and is the interlacing of

lengthwise yarns called warp and filling yarns called

weft (an old English word) or woof; the latter run

crosswise and usually at right angles

Greige Goods

- Refers to undyed and/or unfinished fabrics

Solution Dyeing

- is used only with manufactured fibers,

but fiber dyeing can be used with both manufactured

and natural fibers

Paint Properties

- Pigments, Solvent, Binder, and Additives

Architectural Systems

- Serves as floors, walls, and ceilings

- Form space, hold up building as shelter, and provide finish materials that enrich our physical and emotional needs

Materials

- ares chosen for structural integrity

- contribute to the exterior expression of space, form, finishes, and character

Structural Characteristics of Materials

- Materials are chosen to resist loads and stresses.

Types of Loads on a Building

- Dead Loads

- Live Loads

- Dynamic Loads

Two Basic Stresses

- Compression: Tends to crush a material from a load.

- Tension: Force that pulls a material apart.

Basic Structural Elements

- Frame (Skeleton)

- Bearing Wall (Planar)

- Envelope (Skin or Shell)

Evolution of Elements

- From post and lintel to arches, vaults, domes, shells, suspension, and tensile structures.

Post and Lintel

- Column and Beam

- One of the earliest structural systems.

- Simple span, Continuous span, and Multi-directional Spans

Arches and Vaults

- Corbeled Arches: Limited span, about 6 feet.

- True Arch (Romans): Could span about 80 feet.

- Barrel and Groin vault

Domes and Shells

- Domes (1st century): Important structural element developed by Romans

- Shell Structures (20th century): Cylinders, domes, flat plates. Engineered into hyperbolic paraboloids using concrete and timber.

Tensile Structures

- Support space based on material's tensile properties, often tent-like

Air-Inflated Structures

- Large structures spanning great distances, primarily in sports arenas

Structural Systems

- Most buildings have a structural system of a foundation, floor, walls and ceiling

Floor Systems

- Three Primary Types:

+ Wood

+ Steel

+ Concrete

Floor Finishes and Specification Criteria

- Hard (Nonresilient) flooring

- Resilient flooring

- Soft flooring

Hard Flooring

- includes concrete, stone, brick, tile, and wood

- High resistance to abrasion, durability.

Concrete Flooring

- Used for structural support, often covered

Stone Flooring

- Expensive, durable, beautiful.

- Set in cement bed (thickset) or with adhesives (thinset), grouted.

Wood

- is used as a subfloor or applied as a finish material over concrete or plywood subfloor

Bamboo Flooring

- Considered hard flooring, often grouped with wood, but technically a grass.

Resilient Flooring

- Flexibility, comfort, quietness, resists permanent indentation.

- Includes cork, rubber, vinyls.

- Available in tile and sheet form.

Vinyl Flooring

- is a thermoplastic material composed primarily of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Three Types of Vinyl Flooring

- Vinyl Composition Tile (VCT)

- Vinyl tile

- Sheet vinyl

Soft Floor Coverings

- Carpets and rugs.

- Carpet is made from natural or synthetic materials, provide both visual and tactile

Construction Methods of Carpets and Rugs

- Carpets can be tufted, woven, needle-punched, flocked, knitted, and handmade.

Fiber Strength

- Ability to withstand abrasion/wear.

- Nylon: Strongest, most commonly used

Installation Methods for Carpet

- Stretching Method: Tackless strip around perimeter, carpet stretched over a pad

- Glue-down Method: Carpet laid and seamed directly.

Wall Systems

- Space dividers, support, decorative elements.

- Types:

+ load-bearing

+ non-load-bearing

Load-bearing Wall

- support floor or roof systems above them

Non-Load-bearing Wall

- support no weight from the structural system

Concrete and Masonry Wall

- used as load-bearing elements and for fire resistance

- CMU blocks, brick,...

Wood and Metal Frame Walls

- Wood or metal studs are placed vertically at intervals (usually 16 or 24 inches, on center) and attached to a top plate and a bottom sole or runner.

- Wood-stud walls usually have 2x4 (50 x 100 mm) nominal (1 1/2" x 3 1/2") studs

Fire-rated Gypsum Board

- Commonly called Type X

- is made with a specialized core mineral composition to increase its fire resistance over common gypsum panel board.

- also made as water-resistant wallboard

- However, most of these tile installations use a cementitious backer panel that is stronger and more moisture resistive than gypsum board

Paint

- one of the most often used finish materials for walls and ceilings

- inexpensive, easy to apply, available in any color

Painted Wall Finishes

- flat (matte), semigloss, satin, eggshell, or high-gloss

- the higher the gloss factor, the more the tendency of the painted surface to show surface imperfections

Ceiling Systems

- shaping the visual, acoustical, and lighting characteristics in a space

Stairs

- reinforce the experience of visual movement through space and reflect the design character of the overall interior

6 Common Types of Stair Design Layouts

- Straight

- L-Shape

- U-Shape

- Winder

- Curved

- Spiral

Stair Codes

- specifically govern most proportions between riser and tread dimensions

- Commercial Stairs:

+ riser height: =< 7 inches

+ tread depth: >= 11 inches

- Residential:

+ riser height: =< 8 inches

+ tread depth: >= 9 inches

- also vary according to the local jurisdictions

Doors

- are selected for their function, visual compositions, and character

Door Types

- Swinging, Double-Acting

- Sliding

- Folding

- Revolving

- Overhead

Swinging Doors

- single or paired units ( from 1 to 8 feet)

- typically used as an entry into rooms

Sliding Doors

- are supported by overhead and/or floor tracks

- do not require usable floor space for the door arc. (often used in long linear closets)

- types: bypass, surface, pocket

Folding Doors

- Used primarily for closets, storage, and visual screening

- Manufactured with top/bottom tracks and various hinging panels

- Types:

+ Bifold: 4 panels hinged in pairs, pivot at edges

+ Accordion: similar to bifold, but many narrow panels

Revolving Doors

- Used in commercial installations

- Maintain a continuous weatherseal, prevent drafts, cut down on heat loss/gain

- Accommodate large numbers of people quickly

- Often flanked by swinging doors for disabled access or bulky items

Overhead Doors

- Roll up in hinged sections (forming a coil) or open as one piece

- garage door, or commercial: shopping malls, institutional spaces

- Available in various widths/heights. Can be connected to smoke detectors for automatic fire closing

Door Frames and Hardware

- head (top)

- jamb (side)

- sometimes sill (bottom), also becomes the door "stop"

Windows

- provide protection, privacy; serving as a design element, adding visual view

Window Types

- Fixed

- Operable

Fixed Windows

- Do not open, sealed

- Purpose is to admit light, provide a view, act as acoustical/physical barrier, keep conditioned air in

Operable Windows

- Provide view, physical access, ventilation, and emergency escape route

- Types:

+ Swinging

+ Sliding

+ Pivotal

Combination Windows

- Combine operable and fixed elements within one system.

- Bay windows (project at angles), bow windows (curved projection).

Interior Window Treatments

- The "most complicated part of interior design" due to vast choices. They can be fixed or operable, decorative or functional.

- include the need for privacy, glare control, sound absorption, building code requirements, energy conservation, and light transmission and reflectance

Types of Window Treatments

- can be categorized as soft, hard, and top.

Soft Window Treatments

- draperies, curtains, and shades, and generally are made of soft fabrics, visually hard lines.

- Can screen glare, darken a room, absorb sound, add insulation, provide privacy, and add visual stimulation.

Draperies

- Pleated fabric panels hung on a rod, typically ceiling height or just above window frame.

- Made of heavy opaque, casement (semi-opaque), or translucent fabric.

- Types of pleats: Pinch, French, spring-rod.

Curtains

- Less formal than draperies.

- Stationary or hand-operable, hung inside or outside the frame.

- Styles: Shirred, ruffled, café.

Window Shades

- Primary purpose: Control light by filtering or blocking

- Materials: Fabric, vinyl, bamboo, wooden slats.

- Types: Roller shades (most common), Roman shades (most common), Austrian, pleated, balloon (pouf/cloud).

Hard Window Treatments

- include horizontal and vertical blinds, shutters, and screens.

Top Window Treatments

- Made of soft or hard materials, generally stationary.

- Types:

+ Cornices

+ Lambrequin

+ Cantonnieres

Cornice

- Rigid, straight or shaped, project 4-6 inches (101-152 mm) from wall, cover drapery heading/hardware.

Lambrequin

- Similar to cornice, but sides extend to floor.

Cantonnieres

- Fitted flush to wall, exposing window frame, shaped overhead panels with sides extending to floor.

Cabinetry

- Components that can be built-in, attached to a wall, or freestanding. Also called casework or millwork.

Wall Cabinet Measurements

- depth: typically 12 inches

- height: 12 to 48 inches

- width: 3-inch increments

- door width: 24 inches max

Base Cabinet Measurements

- depth: 20 to 24 inches

- height: 30 to 36 inches

- width: 3-inch increments

Cabinet Hardware

- hinges, pulls, handles, and other mechanisms used to open, close, and operate movable cabinetry

- produced in a variety of styles and materials to fulfill different functions

Fireplace

- Must be non-combustible (stone, brick, high-heat point metal)

- Fireplaces consist of a noncombustible base, a firebox, and a flue

Furniture, Furnishings, and Equipment

- FF&E

- Furniture is first primarily chosen for a functional basis.