Upper limb

What are the key osteological features recognized in the upper limb?

Clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, and hand bones.

Which muscles of the upper limb should be recognized?

All muscles of the upper limb.

What are the functions of the upper limb muscles?

Describe all muscle functions, innervations, and blood supply.

What should be described regarding the brachial plexus?

The branching pattern and innervations of each branch.

What dermatomes should be recognized in the upper limb?

All dermatomes of the upper limb.

What types of pathological specimens should be recognized?

Breaks, nerve damage, dislocations, inflammation.

What is the significance of the clavicle in terms of ossification?

It is the last bone to ossify, around 25 years of age.

What structures make up the pectoral girdle?

Clavicle and scapula.

What is the location of the acromioclavicular joint?

The joint where the clavicle meets the acromion of the scapula.

What are the articulating ends of the clavicle?

Sternal (medial) end and acromial (lateral) end.

Where is the trapezoid line located on the clavicle?

Along the inferior surface near the acromial end.

What is the function of the pectoralis major muscle?

Adduction and medial rotation of the arm.

Which artery supplies most of the arm and forearm?

Brachial artery.

What are the main nerves of the upper limb?

Musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, and ulnar nerves.

What is the primary blood supply to the median nerve?

Anterior interosseous artery and ulnar artery.

What are the functions of the latissimus dorsi?

Adduction, medial rotation, and extension of the arm.

How are the upper limb muscles categorized?

Into flexors and extensors.

What happens when there is an injury to the axillary nerve?

Injury to the deltoid leading to shoulder abduction issues.

What muscles contribute to shoulder rotation?

Infraspinatus, teres minor, and deltoid.

What is the role of the rotator cuff?

Maintain stability of the shoulder joint.

What occurs in a Colles' fracture?

Fracture of the distal radius with dorsal angulation.

What is the consequence of a median nerve injury at the elbow?

Loss of flexion at the thumb and first two fingers.

What is the clinical significance of the anatomical snuffbox?

Contains the radial artery and is the site for scaphoid fractures.

What are the signs of ulnar nerve injury?

Claw hand and inability to abduct/adduct fingers.

What is the function of the biceps brachii?

Elbow flexion and supination of the forearm.

What action does the triceps brachii perform?

Extension of the elbow.

What joint types are found in the upper limb?

Ball-and-socket, hinge, and pivot joints.

Which muscle helps initiate arm abduction?

Supraspinatus.

What is the primary function of the flexor carpi radialis?

Flexion and abduction of the wrist.

What is the innervation for the triceps brachii?

Radial nerve.

How is the blood supply distributed in the arm?

Via the brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries.

What is a common sign of radial nerve injury?

Wrist drop.

What innervates the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

Median and ulnar nerves.

What is the action of the extensor digitorum?

Extension of fingers.

Where does the flexor retinaculum attach?

Scaphoid tubercle, pisiform, trapezium, and hook of hamate.

What are the main components of the carpal tunnel?

Median nerve and flexor tendons.

What condition is caused by compression of the median nerve?

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

How does the thenar muscles function?

Control movement of the thumb.

What is the role of the hypothenar muscles?

Movements of the little finger.

What arteries supply the hand?

Radial and ulnar arteries.

What is the clinical significance of the main arterial arches in the hand?

Provide collateral circulation.

What are the roles of the lumbrical muscles?

Flex MCP joints and extend IP joints.

What happens in a wrist drop?

Loss of wrist and finger extension.

How is the blood supplied to the forearm?

By the radial and ulnar arteries.

What injuries can occur to the brachial plexus?

Neuropraxia, rupture, neuroma, and avulsion.

What occurs during a waiter's tip injury?

Loss of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion.

What is the difference between upper and lower brachial plexus injuries?

Upper affects shoulder, and lower affects hand.

What is the clinical relevance of elbow injuries in children?

Increased risk of nursemaid's elbow.

What are common symptoms of shoulder dislocation?

Pain and limited range of motion.

What happens to the hand after median nerve injury?

Inability to flex index and middle fingers - Hand of Benediction.

What do the anterior interosseous nerve and ulnar nerve affect in the hand?

Fine motor control.

What are possible complications of humeral fractures?

Nerve injuries, particularly to radial and ulnar nerves.

What is the importance of the scapula in upper limb function?

Provides attachment for muscles that move the arm.

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?

Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.

Which muscles are responsible for arm abduction above 90 degrees?

Deltoid and supraspinatus.

What muscles are innervated by the musculoskeletal nerve?

Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis.

What is the role of the serratus anterior in shoulder movement?

Protracts the scapula and holds it against the thoracic wall.

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

Ball-and-socket joint.

What occurs during elbow flexor paralysis?

Inability to flex the elbow and wrist.

What is the primary role of the flexor retinaculum?

Form the carpal tunnel.

What is the action of the teres major muscle?

Medial rotation and adduction of the arm.

Which muscle is primarily responsible for thumb opposition?

Opponens pollicis.

What happens in tennis elbow?

Inflammation of the common extensor tendon.

What vital signs can indicate circulation issues in the upper limb?

Capillary refill, temperature, and color.

What are the primary actions of the pectoralis minor?

Stabilizes the scapula and assists with respiration.

What is the origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

Medial epicondyle of the humerus.

Where does the radial nerve primarily supply motor function?

To the posterior arm and forearm muscles.

Which joint allows for pronation and supination?

Proximal radioulnar joint.

What structures pass through the carpal tunnel?

Median nerve and flexor tendons.

What injury is referred to as 'Hand of Benediction'?

Proximal median nerve injury.

What is an anatomical snuffbox?

A depression on the radial side of the wrist.

What is the origin of the triceps brachii long head?

Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.

What functions do the interossei muscles serve?

Provide abduction and adduction of fingers.

What is the role of the brachioradialis?

Flex the forearm at the elbow.