APUSH Unit 7 Test

Monroe Doctrine

U.S foreign policy principle, orginated by President Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by European nations in the Americas is a protentially hostile act against the U.S.

Seward’s Folly

(1867) Popular term for Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million from Russia. The derisive term reflected the anti-expansionist sentiments of most Americans immediately after the Civil War

Alfred Thayer Mahan

naval strategist; argued that national greatness flowed from sea power and economic development called for a big navy, a strong merchant marine, foreign commerce, colonies, naval bases, and coaling stations

yellow journalism

journalism based on sensationalism and crude exaggeration to manipulate public opinion; epitomized by William Randolph Hearst’s “Journal” and Joseph Pulitzer’s “World”

USS Maine

battleship that exploded in Havana harbor in 1898, resulting in the loss of 262 men; blamed on the Spanish, although their guilt was never proven; used as propaganda

Teller Amendment

(1898) - congressional resolution claiming that U.S. had no interest in annexing Cuba, even as it helped Cuba gain its independence

“splendid little war”

nickname for the 4-month Spanish-American War, fought to secure Cuba’s independence

Treaty of Paris

(1898) - treaty that ended the Spanish-American War; U.S. gained all of Spain’s colonies outside of Africa, including the Phillippines, Guam and Puerto Rico - but not Cuba

Platt Amendment

U.S. restricted Cuban independence; required Cuba to (a) never make treaty with a third power, (b) maintain its debt, (c) acknowledge the right of the US to intervene to maintain law and order, (d) sell or lease a naval station the U.S.

Roosevelt Corollary

in 1904, Roosevelt claimed that the U.S. would act as an “international police power” in Latin America

Open Door Policy

U.S declared to European powers that China must remain open to trade with all countries equally; U.S also offered to protect China’s sovereignty

muckrakers

editors, journalists, and essayists who exposed corruption and other social evils

National American Woman Suffrage Association

formed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1890 to work for women’s vote

Women’s Christain Temperance Movement

founded in 1874; worked for prohibition

Frederick Taylor

advocated the theory of scientific management in the workplace; under this system, processes are highly standaridized and jobs are rigidly defined; efficiency is most important

Robert M. LaFollette

governer of Wisconsin and pioneer in political reform

referendum, recall, initiative

goals of progressive poltical reformers who wanted to put more political power in the hands of the people

Northern Securities Company Case

(1902) - first case in which the government attached a trust under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act; the company was broken up in 1904

1902 Anthracite coal strike

first strike win which a president took an active role in negotiating a settlement; Roosevelt threatened to militarize the mines then chose an arbitrator to settle the dispute

The Jungle

novel by Upton Sinclair about the Chicago meat-packing industry; led to the Meat Inspection Act (1906) and the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Square Deal

term for President Roosevelt’s domestic program, formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of coroporations, and consumer protection

Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party)

third party whose platform foreshadowed almost all of the modern welfare state; Roosevelt was the party’s presidential nominee in 1912

New Freedom

name of Wilson’s domestic program; based on the belief that “bigness” was bad and concentrated private economic power was a a danger to American citzens

Federal Reserve Act

(1913) - created by the Federal Reserve Act with twelve district banks, under their control; regulated credit and money supply

Federal Trade Commission

(1914) - a public “watchdog” agency that had power to collect data from corporations and force them to stop abuses like mislabeling and adulteration of products

Clayton Antitrust Act

(1914) - strengthed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by prohibiting firms from charging different prices to different customers; forbade contracts that required buyers not to buy from competitors; declared labor unions and farmers’ cooperatives exempt from anti-trust laws

Federal Farm Loan Act

(1916) - set up twelve Federal Land Banks that offered farmers long-term loans at low interest rates

Keatings-Owen Child Labor Act

(1916) - excluded from interstate commerce all goods that were manufactured by children under the age of 14; overturned by the Supreme Court

16th Amendment

1913 - established a federal income tax

17th Amendment

1913 - provided for the direct election of senators

18th Amendment

1920 - prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alchohol

19th Amendment

1920 - guaranteed women the right to vote

Central Powers

the alliance of Germany and the Austria-Hungarian Empire

Allied Powers

the alliance of Britain, France, and Russia

U-Boat

German submarine, Germany’s chief naval weapon

Lusitania

British passenger liner sunk by a German u-boat with a loss of 1,198 lives, 128 of them Americans

Zimmerman Telegram

note from German foriegn secretary Arthur Zimmerman to his minister in Mexico instructing the envoy to offer an alliance and financial aid to Mexico in case of war between the United States and Germany. In return for diversionary action against the United States, Mexico would recover the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

Committee on Public Information

headed by George Creel; established to “mobilize the mind of the world” to lead the propoganda war (speeches, posters, etc.)

Espionage Act

(1917) - imposed severe penalties on persons found guilty of obstructing recruitment, aiding the enemy, or encouraging anyone to be disloyal or insubordinate or to refuse duty in the armed forces; under it the postmaster general could exclude from the mails any materials deemed treasonable or seditious

War Industries Board

a government agency developed to assist in aiding the United States in the industrial production of materials for the American Army as they became involved in World War I

Sedition Act

(1918) - declared “disloyal” or “seditious” all talk against the war, and making “profane, scurrilous, or abusive language” about the Constitution, the flag, or the amred forces a crim

Schenk v. United States

(1919) - Supreme Court upheld the conviction of a man for circulating anti-draft leaflets among members of the armed forces; established “clear and present danger” test

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919, and officially ended the war between Germany and the Allied Powers. The controversial War Guilt clause blamed Germany for World War I and imposed heavy debt payments on Germany

Selective Service Act

(1917) - required all males ages 21 to 30 (later 18 to 45) to register for the draft; more than half of all servicemen were drafted

Great Migration

the movement of over 300,000 blacks from the South to major cities in the North

Fourteen Points

President Wilson’s plan for a new world order, including a call for collective security in the League of Nations; the Senate never ratified the Versailles treaty, and U.S. never joined the League

Red Scare

widespread fear that the Russian Revolution would get a footing in the U.S. and foment a Communist takeover; dissipated by the end of 1920

Palmer Raids

commissioned by U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, these sweeps attempted to round up radical foreign workers

Sacco and Vanzetti

two Italian-born anarchists accused of a payroll robbery and murder in South Braintree, MA in 1920; found guilty and executed in 1927

Ku Klux Klan

revived organization for “100% Americanism” and restricted membership to native- born white Protestants; spread nationwide

Birth of a Nation

first modern motion picture in 1915, D.W. Griffith director; became a triumph of cinematic art; it showed a racist and grossly distorted image of Reconstruction

welfare capitialism

efforts by corporations to reduce worker discontent and discourage labor unions (e.g., pensions, cafeterias, paid vacations)

fundamentalism

anti-modernist Protestant movement that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible

Scopes “Monkey” Trial

1925 case in which John Scopes was tried for violating a Tennessee law that outlawed teaching evolution; Clarence Darrow argued for the defense, William Jennings Bryan for the prosecution; Scopes was found guilty and fined $100; Tennessee Supreme Court overruled the verdict

18th Amendment

(1919) - banned the manufacture, sale, or transport of intoxicating liquors; enforced by the Volstead Act (1919)

Sinclair Lewis, Sherwood Anderson and H.L. Mencken

writers who critisized American society

Immigration Act of 1921

restricted immigrants to 3% of the foreign-born of any nationality as shown in the 1910 census;

Immigration Act of 1924

replaced 1921 law; reduced the quota to 2% of the 1890 census; banned all Asians

Marcus Garvey

founder of the United Negro Improvement Association and a leading spokesman for “Negro Nationalism” and separatism in the 1920s

Harlem Renaissance

1920s and 30s literary and artistic movement among African-Americans that expressed and celebrated a new cultural awareness

Claude McKay, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes

writers of the Harlem Renaissance

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

founded in 1910 to "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination"; led, in part, by W.E.B DuBois

Modernism

new intellectual trend that (1) recognized the irrational as an essential part of human nature, (2) viewed the universe as turbulent and unpredictable; (3) viewed conflict as sometimes positive, (4) replaced formality and gentility with reality

T.S. Eliot, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ernest Hemingway

the lost generation, writer “prophets” of the modernist movement

Margaret Sanger

fought for women’s reproductive freedom, including easy access to contraception; founded American Birth Control League in 1921 (changed to Planned Parenthood in 1924)

Social Security Act

created a social insurance program designed to pay retired workers age 65 or older a continuing income after retirement

Carrie Chapman Catt

head of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) in 1915

19th Amendment

(ratified, 1920) - guaranteed women the right to vote

Alice Paul

suffragist who used militant tactics including picketing and hunger strikes; founded the Woman’s Party in 1916

Equal Rights Amendment

proposed by Alice Paul in 1923 to eliminate legal distinctions between the sexes; adopted by Congress in 1972 but never ratified by the states

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

made emergency loans to banks, life insurance
companies, building and loan societies, farm
mortgage associations, and railroads

Federal Home Loan Bank Act

(1932) - created a series of discount banks for home mortgages

bonus Army

World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C. in 1932 to get immediate payment of a bonus they were scheduled to get in 1945; Congress refused, and they were forcibly moved from the area by federal troops

“First Hundred Days”

the 1st 100 days of FDR’s administration when over 15 laws were passed to deal with the economic crisis

Emergency Banking Act

(1933) - declared a bank holiday; banks would reopen in an orderly manner once they proved to be sound

FDIC

(Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) - insured deposits in bank accounts to avoid “runs” on banks (originally up to $2,500; now $250,000)

21st Amendment

(1933) - repealed the 18th Amendment and ended Prohibition

FERA

(Federal Emergency Relief Act) - appropriated $500 million for local and state relief agencies to distribute aid to the unemployed

CWA

(Civil Works Administration) - put over 4 million people to work on infrastructure projects

PWA

(Public Works Administration) - provided $3.3 billion to undertake large-scale public construction projects to put people to work and spur the economy

AAA

(Agricultural Adjustment Act) - major effort to deal with the farm crisis; it sought to raise farm prices by creating scarcity; set precedent for government subsidies for farmers

NIRA

(National Industrial Recovery Act) - intended to
restore industrial prosperity by allowing industries to
collaborate to limit production of goods and raise
wages; declared unconstitutional in 1935

CCC

(Civilian Conservation Corps) - put 2.5 million young men to work on public lands doing road construction, flood control, and reforestation projects

TVA

(Tennessee Valley Authority) - attempted to bring

economic growth by establishing a federal electric-
power-generating system, dams, flood control, etc.

WPA

(Works Progress Administration) - employed
about 3 million people a year on infrastructure
projects; also employed artists, actors and writers
(Federal Theater Project, Federal Writers Project)

Dust Bowl

area of Oklahoma, Kansas, and northern Texas affected by severe soil erosion in the early 1930s, which obliged many people to move

Court Packing Scheme

Roosevelt’s attempt to get authorization to appoint an additional justice to the Supreme Court for each of the six justices over the age 70

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR’s foreign policy towards Latin America; focused on economic, rather than political intervention

NYE Investigation

Congressional inquiry that concluded that profiteers, “merchants of death,” had manipulated the US government to enter WWI in order to protect their investments

Neutrality Acts

US efforts to stay out of European conflicts in the years 1935-39

America first Committee

group that argued that the US should stay out of the war and concentrate on protecting America

Manhattan Project

top-secret US program to develop the atomic bomb

Selective Service Act

top-secret US program to develop the atomic bomb

Lend-Lease Act

(1941) - authorized the President to lend or lease arms or equipment to any government whose defense the President deemed vital to the defense of the US

Pearl Harbor

naval base attacked by the Japanese in response to the US embargo and the freezing of Japanese assets; US declared war on Japan the next day

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy and Japan; Allied
Powers - Britain, France, Soviet Union, US

Four Freedoms

cited by FDR as goals for the war: people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: freedom of speech; freedom of worship; freedom from want; freedom from fear

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe

Yalta Conference

(1945) meeting among FDR, Stalin (Soviet Union) and Churchill (Britain), they agreed to: divide Germany into two countries: reorganize Poland; provide for free elections in Eastern Europe; and ratify a plan for the United Nations

rosie the Riveter

fictional star of a government propaganda campaign aimed at recruiting women workers for the munitions industry