1.1B Kinetic Theory

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19 Terms

1
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All matter can exist in different forms called ____ __ ____. What does it depend on?

states of matter

it depends on temperature and pressure

2
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States of matter are characterized by what?; the average kinetic energy is directly related to the ___________ of the system

energy of the particles

temperature

3
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What is Temperature?

a measure of the average kinetic energy (Ek)of the particles of a substance

4
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What is the State of Matter at a given temperature and pressure is determined by?

the strength of the inter-particle forces (forces between the particles)

5
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Tell me the qualities of solids, liquids, and gases.

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Packing

Particles close packed

Particles more spaced

Particles spread out

Inter-Particle

Forces

Strong

(more attraction)

Weaker

Negligible

Particle Motion

Particles vibrate in

position

Particles slide over each

other, vibrate, rotate,

translate

Particles move freely,

vibrate, rotate, translate

(faster than liquid)

Shape

Fixed shape

No fixed shape

(takes shape of

container)

No fixed shape

(expands and occupies

available space)

Volume

Fixed volume

Fixed volume

(don't compress easily)

No fixed volume

<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center"></p></th><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center"><strong>Solid</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center"><strong>Liquid</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center"><strong>Gas</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center"><strong>Packing</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center">Particles close packed</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center">Particles more spaced</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center">Particles spread out</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center"><strong>Inter-Particle</strong></p><p style="text-align: center"><strong>Forces</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center">Strong</p><p style="text-align: center">(more attraction)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center">Weaker</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center">Negligible</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center"><strong>Particle Motion</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center">Particles vibrate in</p><p style="text-align: center">position</p><p style="text-align: center"></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center">Particles slide over each</p><p style="text-align: center">other, vibrate, rotate,</p><p style="text-align: center">translate</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center">Particles move freely,</p><p style="text-align: center">vibrate, rotate, translate</p><p style="text-align: center">(faster than liquid)</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center"><strong>Shape</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center">Fixed shape</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center">No fixed shape</p><p style="text-align: center">(takes shape of</p><p style="text-align: center">container)</p><p style="text-align: center"></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center">No fixed shape</p><p style="text-align: center">(expands and occupies</p><p style="text-align: center">available space)</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center"><strong>Volume</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center">Fixed volume</p><p style="text-align: center"></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center">Fixed volume</p><p style="text-align: center">(don't compress easily)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p style="text-align: center">No fixed volume</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
6
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What is another term for gases and liquids? Why are they called that?

fluids due to their ability to flow

7
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What is Diffusion?

process by which particles of a substance become evenly distributed, as a result of random movement

8
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What is Kinetic Energy? What is its symbol? How do you calculate it?

the energy associated with movement or motion (Ek)

Ek=1/2 mv2

m = mass in grams

v = velocity in m/s

9
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Kinetic energy of particles at same temperature is _____. This gives the inverse relationship between ________ and ____

equal

velocity and mass

10
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Since kinetic energy increases with temperature, as particles move faster, what happens to the particles?

they can overcome inter-particle forces and change state

11
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State changes occur at a fixed ___________ and ________ for each substance

temperature and pressure

12
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What is the relationship between states of matter?

13
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Define Sublimation

direct inter-conversion solid to gas without going through the liquid phase. Characteristic at atmospheric pressure of some substances like dry ice.

14
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Define Deposition

reverse of sublimation, changes from gas to solid (like frosting)

15
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Define Vaporization

the change in state of matter from liquid to gas. It can be accomplished through evaporation or boiling

16
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Define Evaporation

change in state that occurs only at the surface of a liquid and at a temperature below the boiling point. When heat is absorbed from the surroundings, particles at the surface acquire enough kinetic energy to vaporize and escape.

17
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Define Boiling

volume phenomenon, happens throughout a liquid, characterized by particles leaving throughout the body of the liquid, forming bubbles

18
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Define Boiling Point

when all molecules in a liquid have enough kinetic energy to change into a gas.

19
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Define Vapour Pressure. What is its relation to Evaporation and Boiling?

the pressure exerted by a liquid on the walls of a container.

  • During evaporation, vaporization is slow because the vapor pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.

  • Boiling occurs when vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure

<p><strong><mark data-color="yellow">the pressure exerted by a liquid on the walls of a container. </mark></strong></p><ul><li><p>During evaporation, vaporization is slow because the vapor pressure is <strong><span style="color: red">less</span></strong> than atmospheric pressure.</p></li><li><p>Boiling occurs when vapor pressure <strong><span style="color: purple">=</span></strong> atmospheric pressure</p></li></ul>