HUN1201 Ch 7 & 8 Review Questions

The metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate is known as

glycolysis

For short, intense exercise, which energy-producing pathway does the body rely on most?

glucose to pyruvate to lactate

Anaerobic means ____.

not requiring oxygen

In the Cori cycle, lactate is converted to glucose in the ____.

liver

When a person performing intense physical exercise begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain in the muscles, the muscles respond by synthesizing more ____.

lactate

Which of the following statements is not true of pyruvate?

a. It plays a key role in energy metabolism.

b. It is involved in glycolysis.

c. The pathway of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is reversible.

d. The pathway of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is irreversible.

e. It is involved in the Cori cycle.

c

Once acetyl CoA is formed, it has two main options:

to generate ATP or to make fats.

Fatty acid oxidation produces ____.

acetyl coa

With regards to energy metabolism, fatty acids CANNOT

make glucose

What is the final yield of acetyl CoA molecules from the oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid?

8 – Acetyl CoA

In the TCA cycle, which compound is involved in both the first and the last step?

ocaloacetate

Where in the cell does the TCA cycle take place?

mitochondria

Before entering the metabolic pathways, amino acids first face____.

removal of their nitrogen-containing amino group

When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, all THREE MACRONUTRIENTS are stored in

body fat

When the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body’s needs for glucose, AMINO ACID can be ____.  FAT CANNOT ____.

converted to glucose; do so

Amino acids that enter the TCA cycle directly are considered _____.

gluecogenic

What is the reason that fat yields more calories than carbohydrate or protein?

fat contains many carbon-hydrogen bonds that can readily oxidized

What occurs, in terms of fat cells, when a person eats too much?

fat cells enlarge

What is a feature of surplus dietary fat, as it pertains to fat storage?

ALMOST all the excess fat is stored

Of the total amount of glucose energy consumed by the body each day, about what percentage is used by the brain and nerve cells?

50%

What is true about low-carbohydrate diets?  They induce

ketosis

How soon would death occur from starvation if the body was unable to shift to a state of ketosis?

within 3 weeks

After about 10 days of fasting, KETONE (KETONE BODIES) will be the nervous system’s ____.

main fuel provider

What is the major site for gluconeogenesis?

liver

What is one explanation for why women have generally lower tolerance for alcohol than in men?

women produce less of the enzyme dehydrogenase

What is the primary site of alcohol metabolism?

liver

When health experts say to consume alcohol “in moderation,” what do they mean?

men should have no more than two drinks per day; women no more than one drink per day

The metabolism of alcohol begins in the ____.

stomach

What is acetaldehyde?

a toxic cmompound created in alcohol metabolism

In general, how long does it take the liver to process the alcohol in a typical drink?

one hour

Chronic alcohol abuse has the most dramatic effect on the B vitamin _____.

folate

Some of the energy released during the breakdown of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids is captured in the high-energy compound with three phosphate groups called ____________________.

adenosine triphosphate, ATP

When the body needs energy quickly, pyruvate is converted to _____.

lactate

The process in which fatty acids are taken apart two carbons at a time is known as ______.

fatty acid oxidation

The process of converting lactate from muscles to glucose in the liver that can be returned to the muscles is known as the ____________________.

cori cycle

The process of making glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called ____________________.

gluconeogenesis

The acidic compounds produced by the liver during incomplete breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available are known as ____________________ .

ketone bodies

Though it has limitations, a basic rule of energy balance states that 1 pound of fat is stored for each ________ kcalories eaten in excess.

3500

Imagine that an adult consumes 500 excess kcalories each day for two weeks. About how much weight would that person gain?

2 pounds

Imagine that, over time, an adult gains an extra 20 pounds of body weight. About how much of this weight gain is fat?

15 pounds

Over time, the composition of weight gained or lost typically is ________ fat and ________ lean.

a. 10&, 90%

b. 20%, 80%

c. 35%, 65%

d. 50%, 50%

e. 75%, 25%

e

Imagine an adult who loses 20 pounds of excess body weight through a starvation diet. About how much of this weight loss is lean tissue?

a. 2 lbs

b. 4 lbs

c. 5 lbs

d. 10 lbs

e. 15 lbs

d

What does a bomb calorimeter measure?

the potential energy in foods

Which statement accurately describes the energy measurement of foods?

bomb calorimetry typically overstates the physiological fuel value

What is the physiological fuel value?

the number of kcalories the body derives from a fod

Which part of the brain is the primary center for appetite control?

hypothalamus

You have just consumed a very large Thanksgiving meal, but still want a slice of pumpkin pie for dessert. What term best describes this state?

appetitie

Satiety determines ________.

how much time passes between meals

Which energy-yielding nutrient is the most satiating?

protein

What is thermogenesis?

the generation of heat

What is Resting metabolic rate?

it measures energy use for a person at rest in a comfortable setting

The thermic effect of food accounts for ________ of the average person’s energy expenditure each day.

10%

Which term reflects the proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person’s total body weight?

body composition (1)

How is body mass index determined?

diving weight by height squared

Know the BMI reference ranges.

underweight: < 18.5

healthy: 18.5-24.9

overweight: 25.0 to 29.9

obese: > 30

BMI correlates with ____.

disease risk

What term refers to fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs?

visceral fat

Research shows less susceptibility to health problems when excess body fat is distributed around the ________.

hips and thighs

A person’s ________ is a good indicator of central obesity.

waist circumference

Research shows high susceptibility to health problems when excess body fat is distributed around the ________.

abdomen

What term refers to the combination of risk factors—elevated fasting blood glucose, hypertension, abnormal blood lipids, and abdominal obesity—that greatly increase a person’s risk of developing heart disease?

metabolic syndrome

What term describes the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis?

female athlete triad

The generation of heat is ____________________.

thermogenesis

The energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest is called ________.

basal metabolism

A person with a body mass index less than 18.5 is ________.

underweight

The proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person’s total body weight is called ________.

body composition (2)