Personal Perception
refers to the different mental processes used to understand and form impressions of other people.
Direct
provided the person we are judging.
Indirect
from another person or source.
First impressions
a type of personal perception that are usually based on very little information.
Attribution theory
an evaluation made about the causes of behaviour and the process of making this evaluation
Internal
judged behaviour as being something personal with an individual.
External
judged behaviour as being something with the situation outside the individual.
Fundamental attribution error
refers to the tendency to judge other people’s behaviour as internal instead of external.
Actor-observer bias
refers to the tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external or situational factors, yet others’ behaviour to internal.
Self-serving bias
When judging ourselves we tend to take credit for our successes and deny responsibility for our failures.
Affective
refers to our emotions and intuitive feelings towards something reflected in our attitude.
Behavioural
refers to our outward and observable actions that reflect our point of view about something.
Cognitive
refers to our thoughts and beliefs towards something.
Stereotyping
a belief or generalisation about a group, about all members of the group thinking they’ll all have the same characteristics despite their individuality.
Cognitive dissonance
Psychological tension that occurs when our thoughts, feelings and/or behaviours do not align. It occurs when we act in a way that contradicts with our beliefs
Cognitive bias
Unconscious, systemic tendencies to interpret imformation in a way that is neither rational nor based on objective reality.
Confirmation bias
tendency to accept info that supports our prior beliefs and ignores evidence that doesn’t
Halo effect
tendency for the impression we form about one quality of a person to influence our overall belief about the person in other respects
False-Consensus Bias
tendency to overestimate the degree to which other people share the same ideas and attitudes as we do.
Heuristics
Information processing strategies or mental shortcuts that enable individuals to form judgements, make decisions, and solve problems quickly and efficiently.
Prejudice
a prejudgement that you make about others before interacting with them
Discrimination
unjust treatment of people due to their membership within a certain social category.
Stereotype
widely held belief and a generalisation about a group. A generalisation that all members in a group share the same characteristics, despite individuality.
What are the 5 types of Cognitive bias?
Confirmation bias, Halo effect, false-consensus bias, self-serving bias and actor-observer bias.
What are ways of reducing cognitive dissonance?
changing thoughts to match with behaviour or vise-versa