Unit2 carbon atoms and large biological molecules

Everything on earth is carbon based

Carbon forms the backbone of all large molecules

Isomers

same molecular formula but different structures

cis isomer

the two Xs are on the same side

trans isomer

the two x's are on opposite sides

Enantomers

isomers that are mirror images of each other

dehydration reaction (synthesis)

Chemical reaction that covalently bonds monomers together to form polymers with the loss of a water molecule

hydrolysis reaction

A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water

4 molecules of life

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

glycosidic linkage

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Glucose

Fuel for cellular respiration

Sugars

Energy source for cells

Starch

Storage polysaccharide of plants.

Glycogen

Energy storing polysaccharide found in animals

alpha glucose polymers

starch and glycogen

beta glucose polymers

cellulose: plant tough-wall structure

Lipid functions

Energy storage, structural, hormonal main source of energy in animals

Proteins can be denatured in unfavourable environments

-wrong pH
- wrong salt concentrations
- wrong temperature

A nucleotide consists of

sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Nitrogenous bases in DNA

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil(rna only)

Two pentose sugars in DNA

Ribose, deoxyribose