2: Chemical Principles

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44 Terms

1

chemistry, atoms, molecules

  • study of interactions between atoms and molecules

  • _______ is the smallest unit of matter that enters into chemical reactions

  • Atoms interact to form ________

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2

energy levels

Atoms are composed of
ā€¢Electrons: negatively charged particles
ā€¢Electrons are arranged in electron shells corresponding to different ______ _________.
ā€¢Protons: positively charged particles
ā€¢Neutrons: uncharged particles
ā€¢Protons and neutrons= nucleus.
ā€¢Electrons= around the nucleus
- # protons= # electrons

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3

protons, neutrons

ā€¢Each chemical element has a different number of _________.

ā€¢Isotopes of an element are atoms with different numbers of _______.

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4

valence

ā€¢Atoms combine to complete the outermost shell.

ā€¢The number of missing or extra electrons in this shell is the ________.

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5

carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P) and Sulphur (S)

chemical, electrons

Elements

  • 98% of the body weight of organisms has CHNOPS (stands for _________)

  • Atomic theory- elements consist of tiny particles called atoms made up of only one kind of atom

  • compound- different kinds of atoms

  • ________ bonds- forces holding atoms in a compound

  • ions- atoms that have gained or lost ______ and are charged.

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6

Ionic bonds

  • attractions between ions of opposite charge. One atom loses electrons and another gains electrons

  • atoms make these by receiving and giving electron

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7

covalent bonds

  • two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

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8

hydrogen bonds

a bond between a H atom bonded to O

  • indicated by dotted lines

  • tetrahedral shape

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9

chemical reactions, Endergonic, Exergonic

  • making or breaking of bonds between atoms

  • change in chemical energy occurs during a chemical reaction

  • _________ reactions absorb energy.

  • _________ reactions release energy.

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10

synthesis reactions, Anabolism

  • Occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules

  • _________ is the synthesis of molecules in a cell.

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11

decomposition reactions, Catabolism

  • Occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms.

  • __________ is the decomposition reactions in a cell.

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12

exchange reactions

part synthesis and part decomposition

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13

reversible reactions

  • Can readily go in either direction.

  • Each direction may need special conditions

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14

Organic, Inorganic

Important Biological Molecules

  • ______ compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen.

  • ________ compounds typically lack carbon.

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15

Inorganic compound: water

  • polar molecule

  • solvent

  • Polar substances dissociate, forming solutes

  • H+ and OH- participate in chemical reactions

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16

Acids, salt, Bases,

  • ________ is a substance that dissociates into one or more H+.

  • ________- substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-

  • ______- substance that dissociates into one or more OH-

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17

Acid Base Balance

**ā€¢ The amount of H+ in a solution is expressed as pH. ā€¢ pH = -log[H+]

**ā€¢ Increasing [H+], increases acidity.

**ā€¢ Increasing [OH-] increases alkalinity.

ā€¢ Most organisms grow best between pH 6.5 and 8.5.

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18

organic compounds, carbon skeleton, Functional

ā€¢ The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule is the ________ _________.

ā€¢ __________ groups are responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound

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19

amino

Biological importance- proteins

  • add picture (31)

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20

phosphate

Biological importance- ATP, DNA

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21

macromolecules, polymers, monomers

organic compounds

ā€¢ Small organic molecules can combine into large __________.

ā€¢ Macromolecules are _________ consisting of many small repeating molecules (with covalent bonds).

ā€¢ The smaller molecules are called _________.

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22

smallest units

  1. C6 H12 O6= glucose

  2. amino acid

  3. glycerol +fatty acid

  4. nucleotides

Biological molecules

  1. carbohydrates

  2. proteins

  3. lipid

  4. Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

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23

glucose

  • remember that those same number of elements can be used to form sucrose and fructose

know shape for exam

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24
  • carbohydrates, proteins, Nucleic acids

  • C6 H12 O6= glucose, amino acid, nucleotides

  • macromolecules

  • monomers

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25

TO MAKE A BOND, WATER MOLECUELS HAS TO LEAVE

TO MAKE A BOND, WATER MOLECUELS HAS TO LEAVE

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26

dehydration synthesis

organic compounds

  • Monomers join by _________ ___________ or condensation reactions

  • A

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27

carbohydrates (starch)

  • Are important for structure and as energy sources.

  • Consist of C, H, and O with the formula (CH2O)n

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28

simple, Polysaccharides, starch, polymers

Carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides are ________ sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms.

  • Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis.

  • Disaccharides can be broken down by B__.

  • Oligosaccharides consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides.

  • ___________ consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis.

  • ___________, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are _________ of glucose that are covalently bonded differently.

  • Chitin is a polymer of two sugars repeating many times.

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29

cell membranes, nonpolar

lipids (fats)

ā€¢ Are the primary components of ________ _________.

ā€¢ Consist of C, H, and O.

ā€¢ Are _____ and insoluble in water.

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30

simple lipids, dehydration synthesis, double

ā€¢Called fats or triglycerides contain glycerol and fatty acids; formed by ________ ___________. ā€¢Unsaturated fats have one or more _____ bonds in the fatty acids.

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31

Complex lipids

ā€¢ Contain C, H, and O + P, N, or S.

ā€¢ Membranes are made of phospholipids

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32

Enzymes, Transporter proteins

Proteins

ā€¢Are essential in cell structure and function.

ā€¢_________ are proteins that speed chemical reactions.

ā€¢_______ __________ move chemicals across membranes.

ā€¢Flagella are made of proteins.

ā€¢Some bacterial toxins are proteins.

ā€¢subunits= amino acids (42-43)

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33

Peptide bonds

between amino acids, are formed by dehydration synthesis.

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34

Levels of protein structure

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

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35

primary structure (protein structure)

polypeptide (red line)

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36

secondary structure (protein structure)

occurs when the amino acid chain folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats.

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37

tertiary structure (protein structure)

occurs when the helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain.

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38

quaternary structure

consists of two or more polypeptides

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39

nucleic acids, Phosphate,

ā€¢Consist of nucleotides.

ā€¢Nucleotides consist of a:

  • Pentose

  • _________ group

  • Nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base

look at pic (49)

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40

purine

  • a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure

  • adenine and guanine

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41

pyrimidines

ā€¢have one ring in their structure

ā€¢Thymine and Cytosine

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42

DNA

ā€¢Has deoxyribose

ā€¢Exists as a double helix

ā€¢A hydrogen bonds with T

ā€¢C hydrogen bonds with G

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43

RNA

ā€¢Has ribose

ā€¢Is single-stranded

ā€¢A hydrogen bonds with U

ā€¢C hydrogen bonds with G

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44

ATP, dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis

ā€¢Has ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups ā€¢Is made by ________ ________. ā€¢Is broken by ___________ to liberate useful energy for the cell.

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