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chemistry, atoms, molecules
study of interactions between atoms and molecules
_______ is the smallest unit of matter that enters into chemical reactions
Atoms interact to form ________
energy levels
Atoms are composed of
ā¢Electrons: negatively charged particles
ā¢Electrons are arranged in electron shells corresponding to different ______ _________.
ā¢Protons: positively charged particles
ā¢Neutrons: uncharged particles
ā¢Protons and neutrons= nucleus.
ā¢Electrons= around the nucleus
- # protons= # electrons
protons, neutrons
ā¢Each chemical element has a different number of _________.
ā¢Isotopes of an element are atoms with different numbers of _______.
valence
ā¢Atoms combine to complete the outermost shell.
ā¢The number of missing or extra electrons in this shell is the ________.
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P) and Sulphur (S)
chemical, electrons
Elements
98% of the body weight of organisms has CHNOPS (stands for _________)
Atomic theory- elements consist of tiny particles called atoms made up of only one kind of atom
compound- different kinds of atoms
________ bonds- forces holding atoms in a compound
ions- atoms that have gained or lost ______ and are charged.
Ionic bonds
attractions between ions of opposite charge. One atom loses electrons and another gains electrons
atoms make these by receiving and giving electron
covalent bonds
two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
hydrogen bonds
a bond between a H atom bonded to O
indicated by dotted lines
tetrahedral shape
chemical reactions, Endergonic, Exergonic
making or breaking of bonds between atoms
change in chemical energy occurs during a chemical reaction
_________ reactions absorb energy.
_________ reactions release energy.
synthesis reactions, Anabolism
Occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules
_________ is the synthesis of molecules in a cell.
decomposition reactions, Catabolism
Occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms.
__________ is the decomposition reactions in a cell.
exchange reactions
part synthesis and part decomposition
reversible reactions
Can readily go in either direction.
Each direction may need special conditions
Organic, Inorganic
Important Biological Molecules
______ compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen.
________ compounds typically lack carbon.
Inorganic compound: water
polar molecule
solvent
Polar substances dissociate, forming solutes
H+ and OH- participate in chemical reactions
Acids, salt, Bases,
________ is a substance that dissociates into one or more H+.
________- substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-
______- substance that dissociates into one or more OH-
Acid Base Balance
**ā¢ The amount of H+ in a solution is expressed as pH. ā¢ pH = -log[H+]
**ā¢ Increasing [H+], increases acidity.
**ā¢ Increasing [OH-] increases alkalinity.
ā¢ Most organisms grow best between pH 6.5 and 8.5.
organic compounds, carbon skeleton, Functional
ā¢ The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule is the ________ _________.
ā¢ __________ groups are responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound
amino
Biological importance- proteins
add picture (31)
phosphate
Biological importance- ATP, DNA
macromolecules, polymers, monomers
organic compounds
ā¢ Small organic molecules can combine into large __________.
ā¢ Macromolecules are _________ consisting of many small repeating molecules (with covalent bonds).
ā¢ The smaller molecules are called _________.
smallest units
C6 H12 O6= glucose
amino acid
glycerol +fatty acid
nucleotides
Biological molecules
carbohydrates
proteins
lipid
Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
glucose
remember that those same number of elements can be used to form sucrose and fructose
know shape for exam
carbohydrates, proteins, Nucleic acids
C6 H12 O6= glucose, amino acid, nucleotides
macromolecules
monomers
TO MAKE A BOND, WATER MOLECUELS HAS TO LEAVE
TO MAKE A BOND, WATER MOLECUELS HAS TO LEAVE
dehydration synthesis
organic compounds
Monomers join by _________ ___________ or condensation reactions
A
carbohydrates (starch)
Are important for structure and as energy sources.
Consist of C, H, and O with the formula (CH2O)n
simple, Polysaccharides, starch, polymers
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are ________ sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis.
Disaccharides can be broken down by B__.
Oligosaccharides consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides.
___________ consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis.
___________, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are _________ of glucose that are covalently bonded differently.
Chitin is a polymer of two sugars repeating many times.
cell membranes, nonpolar
lipids (fats)
ā¢ Are the primary components of ________ _________.
ā¢ Consist of C, H, and O.
ā¢ Are _____ and insoluble in water.
simple lipids, dehydration synthesis, double
ā¢Called fats or triglycerides contain glycerol and fatty acids; formed by ________ ___________. ā¢Unsaturated fats have one or more _____ bonds in the fatty acids.
Complex lipids
ā¢ Contain C, H, and O + P, N, or S.
ā¢ Membranes are made of phospholipids
Enzymes, Transporter proteins
Proteins
ā¢Are essential in cell structure and function.
ā¢_________ are proteins that speed chemical reactions.
ā¢_______ __________ move chemicals across membranes.
ā¢Flagella are made of proteins.
ā¢Some bacterial toxins are proteins.
ā¢subunits= amino acids (42-43)
Peptide bonds
between amino acids, are formed by dehydration synthesis.
Levels of protein structure
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
primary structure (protein structure)
polypeptide (red line)
secondary structure (protein structure)
occurs when the amino acid chain folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats.
tertiary structure (protein structure)
occurs when the helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain.
quaternary structure
consists of two or more polypeptides
nucleic acids, Phosphate,
ā¢Consist of nucleotides.
ā¢Nucleotides consist of a:
Pentose
_________ group
Nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base
look at pic (49)
purine
a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure
adenine and guanine
pyrimidines
ā¢have one ring in their structure
ā¢Thymine and Cytosine
DNA
ā¢Has deoxyribose
ā¢Exists as a double helix
ā¢A hydrogen bonds with T
ā¢C hydrogen bonds with G
RNA
ā¢Has ribose
ā¢Is single-stranded
ā¢A hydrogen bonds with U
ā¢C hydrogen bonds with G
ATP, dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis
ā¢Has ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups ā¢Is made by ________ ________. ā¢Is broken by ___________ to liberate useful energy for the cell.