Biology Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards based on cell biology, enzymes, digestion, nutrition, transport, photosynthesis, respiration, coordination, homeostasis, reproduction, inheritance, ecology, and experimental design notes.

What characteristics do all living organisms have in common?

Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, and Nutrition

Where does respiration occur in an animal cell?

Mitochondria

What part of a plant cell carries out photosynthesis?

Chloroplast

What supports plant cells?

Cell wall

What does the nucleus control?

Controls the activities of the cell

What is the site of aerobic respiration

mitochondria

What is the site of protein synthesis?

Ribosome

What does the cell membrance control?

Controls entry and exit of substances

Where do chemical reactions take place?

Cytoplasm

What is the cell wall made of?

Cellulose

What do chloroplasts contain?

Chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis

What is the function of the cell wall?

To support and protect the cell

What does the vacuole contain?

Cell sap which is mostly water

Define cell

A group of organelles working together to perform the same function.

Define tissue

A group of cells working together to perform the same function.

Define organ

A group of tissues working together to perform the same function.

Define organ system

A group of organs working together to perform the same function.

Name 4 organ systems found within the human body.

Reproductive, Respiratory, Circulatory, and Nervous (also Digestive, Excretory and Endocrine)

List the reagent, method, and positive result when testing for Glucose

Benedict's reagent, 19, From blue to brick red

List the reagent, method, and positive result when testing for Starch

Iodine solution, 19, Brown turns to blue black

List the reagent, method, and positive result when testing for Fat

Ethanol, Shake, Milky white water emulsion

List the reagent, method, and positive result when testing for Protein

Blunt Reagent la, 19, Blue to purple

What are enzymes made of?

Proteins made up of amino acids

What type of catalysts are Enzymes?

Biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.

What part do enzymes have where the substrate joins?

Enzymes have an active site

What does the active site do for the corresponding substrate?

The active sit is complementary and specific

Using the graph, describe the effect of temperature on enzyme activity

As temperature increases the enzyme's activity increases. At 37C the enzyme's activity is greatest. At the enzyme's activity decreases at temperatures above 370C

What does 'optimum temperature' mean?

The temperature which causes maximum enzyme activity, causing the most enzyme substrate complexes to be formed

What type of catalysts are enzymes?

Biological catalysts

What do enzymes do to chemical reactions?

Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions.

Why are enzymes specific?

They only work on one substrate

The substrate fits into the - of the surface of the __.

active-site, enzyme

What happens to the rate of reaction with an increase in temperature?

it increases

What group of chemical compounds do enzymes belong to?

proteins

Why is an enzyme specific for a particular substrate?

Their active sites are complementary to specific substrates only

Why can an enzyme be used again and again?

An enzyme is unchanged by a chemical reaction and can be reused

What happens if there is a decrease in temperature?

Would cause a decrease in rate of reaction because enzymes and substrates would have less kinetic energy

What would happen if the pH was lowered?

Would decrease the rate of reaction because the enzyme has been denatured and active site has changed shape

Define Product

Substance formed from the substrate at the end of a chemical reaction with an enzyme

Define Active Site

Region on the surface of an enzyme that fits the substrate

Define Enzymes

Proteins that speed up a chemical reaction

Define Catalyst

Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed themselves

Define Substrate

Substance that an enzyme acts upon

Define Activation Energy

The amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

Where is amylase produced?

Salivary glands and pancreas

What does amylase break down?

Starch

What products are produced when amylase breaks down starch?

Maltose

Where are proteases produced?

Stomach and Pancreas

What do proteases break down?

Proteins

What products are produced when proteases break down protiens?

Amino Acids

Where are Lipases produced?

Pancreas

What do lipases break down?

Lipids

What products are produced when lipases break down lipids?

Fatty acids and glycerol

Where is bile produced?

Liver

Where is bile stored?

Gall bladder

Where does bile work?

Small intestine

What kind of liquid is bile

An Alkaline liquid

What does bile do to food from the stomach

Neutralizes acid food

What does bile do to fat molecules?

emulsifies it

List two reasons why we have stomach acid

Kills pathogens and provides optimum temperature for protease

How does the stomach protect itself from acid and enzymes?

Secretion of mucus from its lining

What is the optimum temperature for lipase?

400C

Why did the indicator colour not change in test tube 1?

Temperature is too low, Enzyme t substrates have too little kinetic energy

Why did the indicator colour not change in test tube 5?

Temperature is too high, enzymes have denatured

What would happen if test tube 1 was warmed up to 40°C?

Turns yellow as enzymes and substrates have more kinetic energy

What are the 7 components of a balanced diet?

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins, Minerals, Water, and Fibre

What is the function of protiens and some food sources?

Growth and repair of muscles, Fish

What disorder can you develop if you have a deficiency in protein?

kwashiorkor

What is the function of fats and some food sources?

Energy source insulation better MIA, Good night

What is the function of carbohydrates and some food sources?

Energy source, Pasta Rice Bread

What is the function of Vitamin A and some food sources?

Vision, Oils Sticks together

What disorder can you develop if you have a deficiency in vitamin a?

Nightblindness

What is the function of Vitamin C and some food sources?

Cells liningthe fruits mouth, Citrus

What disorder can you develop if you have a deficiency in vitamin C?

Scurvy

What is the function of Vitamin D and some food sources?

Strongbones, Fishliveroils & Sunlight on skin

What disorder can you develop if you have a deficiency in vitamin D?

Rickets

What is the function of iron and some food sources?

Needed for haemoglobin in red blood spinach redblood cells, Red meat

What disorder can you develop if you have a deficiency in iron?

Anaemia

What is the function of calcium and some food sources?

Strong teeth bones, Milk, Cheese

Define diffusion

Net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

List 3 factors that increase the rate of diffusion

Increased temperature and surface area and a steeper concentration gradient.

What type of cell is flaccid?

Plasmolysed cell

What type of cell is turgid?

Pure water cell

Define Osmosis

The movement of water molecules from an area of their high concentration to an area of their low concentration

Define Turgid

When water enters a plant cell and pushes on the cell wall causing the cell to swell

Define Partially Permeable

A membrane that allows some substances to pass through and others cannot.

Plasmolysed

When water leaves a plant cell, the cell contents shrink and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall

Define Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Describe and explain the appearance of Cell A

Cell is flaccid and/or plasmolysed; water has left the cell by osmosis across a partially permeable membrane & water potential inside cell is higher than surrounding solution.

Describe and explain the appearance of Cell B

Cell is turgid and/or water has entered cell by osmosis across a partially permeable membrane & water potential inside cell is lower than surrounding solution.

What happens During photosynthesis?

Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, a substance found in the chloroplasts. This energy is then used to convert carbondioxide from the air and water from the soil into a simple sugar called glucose. Oxygen is also produced and released as a gas

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

Name dependent, independent, and control variable for the rate of photosynthesis experiment.

Dependent = Number of oxygen bubbles given off; Independent = Distance of lamp from pondweed; Control variables = length & species of pond weed & volume of water & temperature & power of bulb

What are the 3 main limiting factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis in a plant?

light, carbon dioxide, and temperature

What is the word equation for respiration?

oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water

What is the balanced symbol equation of respiration?

6 O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + ATP

Where does respiration occur inside a cell?

Mitochondria

What does the word ''ventilation'' mean?

movement of air into and out of the lungs

How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

Large surface area formed by lots of blood capillaries, thin walls to provide a short diffusion distance, moist surfaces helps gases dissolve

Define Transpiration

loss of water vapour from leaf via stomata