Microbiology- Exam 3

Specimen collection ________.

must utilize aseptic techniques

When minute samples of DNA need to be genetically analyzed for identification purposes, which test can be effectively used?

PCR

The ________ of a test means the test can detect even very small concentrations of the antigen or antibody being analyzed, whereas the ________ of a test focuses on the ability of a test to only detect the desired antigen or antibody without reacting with other unrelated substances.

sensitivity; specificity

Which test is the confirming test for people who initially tested antibody-positive in the screening ELISA test for HIV?

Western blot

The three main techniques for identifying microbes are ________.

phenotypic, immunologic, and genotypic

Which of the following is involved in the *in vitro* diagnostic testing of serum?

Serology

*In vivo* testing is useful for diagnosing ________.

tuberculosis

Microorganisms can be identified from a patient sample using biochemical tests based on the premise that ________.

organisms have a unique combination of metabolic enzymes that are displayed when color-changing dyes are utilized to demonstrate their physiological response to specific substrates

Epinephrine ________.

reverses constriction of airways

The study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system is ________.

immunopathology

The potential for hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when ________.

fetal Rh+ cells enter an Rh- mother

Atopy and anaphylaxis are hypersensitivities in the category ________.

type I only

Which sample is not typically collected by sterile needle aspiration?

Urine

Tissue transplanted from one body site on a patient to a different body site on that patient is called a(n) ________.

autograft

A positive serological test for tuberculosis indicates that ________.

the patient has been exposed to tuberculosis

Protective features of the skin include all but ________.

high pH

The Human Microbiome Project revealed what important information regarding the microbiota of the eye?

Previously thought to be sparsely populated, the eye has been found to have a robust, diverse population of microbiota.

The exposed surfaces of the eye that are the most vulnerable to infections are the ________.

conjunctiva and cornea

The outermost portion of the skin is the _________, composed of epithelial cells containing keratin which gives this layer the ability to withstand damage, abrasion, and water penetration.

epidermis

If a person who has never been infected with the varicella zoster virus comes in contact with a person who has shingles, the first person will come down with ________.

chickenpox

Tears are formed in the _______ gland at the outer and upper corner of each eye.

lacrimal

Keratitis is usually caused by ________.

herpes simplex

Keratitis is a more serious eye infection than conjunctivitis, and involves microbial invasion of deeper eye tissues which can lead to corneal destruction.

True

This febrile disease with a rash has a pathogen that can cross the placenta and cause serious fetal damage.

Rubella

Which of the following is not true of bacterial conjunctivitis?

Has a clear discharge

Which form of anthrax involves a black eschar on the skin?

Cutaneous

Blisters ________.

result from a separation of epidermis from dermis

Which of the following is the most common form of microbe transmission in impetigo?

Direct contact

What is the only way to prevent conjunctivitis?

Good hygiene

MRSAs are *Staphylococcus aureus* strains that are ________.

resistant to penicillin derivatives

The smallpox vaccine uses the _____ virus.

vaccinia

Blood vessels are found in the ________.

dermis and subcutaneous layer

Which of the following provides the eye with its best defense against microorganisms?

Tears

Varicella and herpes zoster are caused by the same virus.

True

Measles is described as a ______ skin lesion.

maculopapular

Which of the following has the highest mortality rate?

Eastern equine encephalitis

Choose the microorganism that is the  most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Which organism is the definitive host for *Toxoplasma gondii*?

Cat

The preferred preventative measure for polio in the United States is ________.

inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) developed by Jonas Salk

Subacute encephalitis may be caused by ________.

*T* *oxoplasma* *gondii*

Which of the following is a sign of meningitis?

All of the choices are correct.

Tetanus differs from botulism in that ________.

muscles cannot relax in tetanus; muscles cannot contract in botulism

Which of the following statements regarding the microbiome of the nervous system is true?

In the healthy state, the nervous system is believed to be free from microorganisms.

In rabies, spasms of muscles for swallowing leads to a fear of water.

True

Tetanus can be prevented with the DTaP childhood immunization and boosters of the tetanus toxoid.

True

What brain defense restricts substances from entering the brain by the vascular system?

Blood-brain barrier

Production of a neurotoxin that prevents acetylcholine release from motor neurons at neuromuscular junctions is a characteristic of ________.

Clostridium botulinum

Although many viruses can cause meningitis, the most common viral cause is ________.

enterovirus