History 101 World Civ 1 exam 3

Jewish Covenant

the agreement between God and the ancient Israelites, in which God promised to protect them if they kept His law and were faithful to Him.

Jewish History

Jews emphasized Gods faithfulness to them through many rituals and traditions

Abraham

Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command.

Yahweh

Hebrew name for God

"I am who I am"

The Torah

The first five books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe are by Moses, are called this

Babylonian Captivity

50-year period in which the Israelites were exiled from Judah and held in Babylon

Ethical Monotheism

a form of exclusive monotheism in which God is the source for one standard of morality, who guides humanity through ethical principles.

The Ten Commandments

A set of laws for responsible behavior, which, according to the Bible, were given to Moses by God.

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Israel

A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora.

Judah

A Hebrew kingdom in Palestine, established around 922 B.C.

Jewish Synagogues

- meeting place for Jews to worship, pray, and fellowship; takes the place of the temple.

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland through force

Jewish Prophets

They tried to make sense of the suffering that the Israelites were experiencing and tell them what had to be done to remedy that suffering.

• Yahweh often worked through _____________, holy men who spoke for Yahweh and conveyed both his pleasure and displeasure with the Israelites.

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.

Bedouin Arabs

nomadic peoples who came originally from the Northern part of the Arabian peninsula, would form the foundation of the first Islamic community. • These tribal, nomadic peoples were originally polytheistic, with a superior God known as Allah. • As trade increased on the peninsula, tensions between Bedouin traders and urban area merchants increased. • It's in this social setting that Muhammad, and Allah's revelation to him, appears.

Hijrah

Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Umma

The term for all Muslims as a community.

Jihad

A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal

Five Pillars of Islam

true Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime

Qur'an

Shari'a Law

Sunna

An Islamic model for living, based on the life and teachings of Muhammad

Hadith

The ___________ is believed to be words, action, saying, and approvals of Muhammad.

People of the Book

what Muslims called Christians and Jews which means that they too only believe in one god

Caliph

successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims

Muhammad Ali

cousin and son-in-law to Muhammad

the 4th Caliph to lead after Muhammad, returning Islamic rule to his bloodline.

Abu Bakr

first caliph after death of Muhammad

Umayyad Caliphate

First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.

Sunni Muslims

Majority of people, believed that anyone could be Caliph as long as their a devout Muslim

Shi'ite Muslims

Imam

a leader of prayer in a mosque

Abbasid Caliphate

(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of.

Manzikert

• In 1071, the Byzantines foolishly entered into battle with the Turks, who easily routed them at ___________ near eastern Turkey. (anatolia) • The Byzantine defeat at ___________ would spark an appeal to the Pope, leading to the Frist Crusade in 1095 CE.

Seljuk Turks

nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly

Mongols

Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph

Al-jebr

Algebra, Arabic/Islamic mathematics, means "reunion:

Camel Caravans

Used to travel across deserts. Fleets in the desert were camel caravans. Fleets usually meant groups on ships.

Arabesque

complex, ornate design

Mosques

A Muslim place of worship

Germanic Kingdoms

• By 500 CE, the Western Roman Empire had been replaced politically by a series of states ruled by_____________.

• Ostrogoth in Italy • Visigoths in Spain • Franks in Gaul

Clovis

• The Franks, under ___________, would become the dominate power in Europe in the 6th century. • In 500 CE, __________ converted to Christianity, securing the support of the Christian Church. • By 510 CE, _________ had established a Frankish kingdom that stretched from the Pyrenees in the west to German lands in the east, beginning the Merovingian dynasty

The Christian Church

By the end of the fourth century, __________ had become the predominant religion of the Roman Empire. • As the official Roman state continued to disintegrate, the __________ played a more important role in the growth of the new European civilization.

The Bishop of Rome

Eventually, _______________ would declare supreme authority over Western Christianity as the heir to St. Peter.

Monasticism

The practice of living the life of a monk

St. Benedict

founded a monastic order with specific set of rules for monastic living, now known as the Benedictine Rule.

St. Francis of Assisi

founded the Franciscans as a group who would live and minister among the ordinary people, preaching repentance and austerity

Charlemagne

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe

Holy Roman Empire

• On Christmas day, Charlemagne and his family attended Mass, where Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the _______________.

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes

Vikings

__________ were warriors who loved exploration and searching for plunder and spoils of war, leading them to expand far into European lands.

Feudalism

The contract sworn between a lord and his subordinate (known as a vassal) is the basis of a form of social organization known as _______________

Gregorian Reforms

sought to end the practice of lay investiture and simony, cemented priestly celibacy, and declared the Pope the true Vicar of Christ.

The Crusades

The ____________ represent the first Medieval expansion of European civilization. • The First _________ came about when the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I asked Pope Urban II for help against the Seljuk Turks.

The Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

Joan of Arc

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king

The Great Schism

two popes ruled at the same time in what is known as the _______________