vocab test on 11/18/24
Spacing Effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Testing Effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. also referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
Shallow Processing
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
Deep Processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
Semantic Memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of two conscious memory systems
Episodic Memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of two conscious memory systems
Hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit (conscious) memories — of facts and events — for storage
Memory Consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory
Flashbulb Memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response
Encoding Specificity Principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
Mood Congruent Memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s good or bad mood
Serial Position Effect
our tendency to recall the best items in a list initially (a recency effect) and the first items in a list after a delay (a primary effect)
Anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
Retrograde Amnesia
an inability to remember information from one’s past
Proactive (forward-facing) Interference
the forward-facing disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
Retroactive (backward-facing) Interference
the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information
Repress
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
Misinformation Effect
occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information
Source Amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined (as when misattributing information to a wrong source). source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories
Deja Vu
that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
Correlation Coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00)
Intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
General Intelligence (g)
according to Spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
Factor Analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score