Biology EOC Review

Activation Energy

amount of energy needed to start a reaction

Amino Acid

Bounded by peptide bonds; monomer of a protein

Carbohydrate

(monosaccharides) main source of energy for the cell, fast energy

Catalyst

used in enzymes to lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction

Enzyme

Protein and Catalyst; have an active site and a substrate

Lipid

(1 glycerol = 3 fatty acids) used for long term energy storage, make up the phospholipid bilayer

Monosaccharide

monomer for carbohydrate (glucose )

Nucleic Acids

Made of nucleotides, function is to store genetic information which can be seen in DNA and RNA

Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells; Cells come from other cells; Cells are the basic structure and function of an organism

Eukaryote

Cells that have a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and complex (Ex. Plants and Animals)

Multicellular Organisms

Organisms composed of many cells (Ex. tissue, humans, etc.)

Organelles

Small structures that perform various functions for the cell (reside within the cytoplasm)

Prokaryote

Cells with no nucleus, no membrane bound organelle, and are simple (Ex. Bacteria)

Unicellular Organism

Organisms composed of only one cell (Ex. most Bacteria)

Passive Transport

No energy required; transport of small and medium materials across the plasma membrane (Osmosis, Diffusion, and Facilitated Diffusion)

Diffusion

No energy required; transports molecules from high to low concentrations in order to even them out (for small materials)

Osmosis

No energy required; transports WATER from high to low concentrations in order to even them out

Facilitated Diffusion

"Semi-active" uses transport proteins to help move material across the plasma membrane, but still doesn't require energy

Homeostasis

Internal condition is balanced

Active Transport

Requires energy (ATP) for large molecules. Gets molecules across the cell through pumps and vesicles (endocytosis and exocytosis)

Moves molecules from low to high concentration and requires energy

active transport

Endocytosis

Large molecules going INTO the cell

Exocytosis

Large molecules going OUT of the cell

Concentration Gradient

Drives diffusion; moves from left to right

Nucleus

Only in eukaryotic cells, holds DNA

Mitochondria

Makes ATP, (Power house of the cell); Where Cellular Respiration occurs

Chloroplast

Makes glucose for the plant;

Where Photosynthesis occurs

Chloroplast

Lysosomes

This organelle breaks down waste, food, etc.

Vacuole

Where molecules, waste, etc. is stored; Bigger in Plant Cells

Ribosomes

This organelle synthesizes proteins

Where translation in protein synthesis occurs

Ribosomes

Rough ER

This organelle transports Proteins; Has Ribosomes

Smooth ER

This organelle transports Proteins; Does not have Ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus

This organelle sorts and packages molecules

Cilia

helps the movement for Eukaryotes

Flagella

helps movement for Prokaryotes

Cell Membrane

This organelle semi-permeable, therefore maintains homeostasis

Nuclear Envelope

This organelle controls what goes in/out of the nucleus

Cell Wall

Only in Plant Cells and some bacteria; supports and provides protection

Hypotonic

more water entering the cell than leaving resulting in swelling of the cell

Isotonic

Same amount of water entering the cell as existing, resulting in an equilibrium, normal Cell

Hypertonic

more water leaving the cell than entering resulting in it being shriveled

Pyruvic Acid

Produced in Glycolysis and then used during Fermentation of Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

Doesn't require oxygen; includes Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation of Cellular Respiration

This molecule is made in the Mitochondria.

ATP

Aerobic Respiration

Stage of Cellular Respiration that requires oxygen; includes the Krebs Cycle and ETC

Lactic Acid Fermentation

In Anaerobic Respiration- pyruvates break down creating energy this process is called

Lactic Acid

created when your muscles have decreased amount of oxygen

Alcohol Fermentation

In Anaerobic Respiration- occurs mostly in yeast, pyruvates break down forming alcohol, CO2, and releasing energy

Chromosome

long thread of DNA condensed and found in the nucleus. Containing genetic information

Sister Chromatid

One of 2 strands of a chromosome that becomes visible during anaphase of mitosis

Spindle Fibers

Fibers that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell and assists in the separation of chromosomes

DNA

Makes up chromosomes and is replicated during cell division

provides a blueprint for protein synthesis

DNA

Cell Cycle

Repeated pattern of growth and division of cells that occurs in eukaryotes

Daughter Cells

Created at the end of mitosis, each has identical number of chromosomes as the parent cell

Mitosis

Somatic Cells undergo this in order to repair and regrow, creating two identical diploid daughter cells

Interphase

G1: growth

S: (synthesis)

Phase that replicates dna

G2:

Period of rapid cell growth

Prophase

Phase in mitosis when the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks up

Metaphase

Phase in mitosis when the chromosomes line up in the middle and spindle fibers attach to them

Anaphase

Phase in mitosis when the spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart towards the poles of the cell

Telophase

Phase in mitosis when the nuclear membrane reforms, spindle fibers retract, and chromosomes uncoil as the cell starts to become two

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm into two identical diploid cells

Cancer

Uncontrolled Cell Growth (tumor)

Somatic

Body cell, everything but a sex cell (liver, skin, etc.)

Haploid

(n) one set of chromosomes (egg and sperm)

Diploid

(2n) two sets of chromosomes from each parent

Homologous Pair

Chromosome pair, one from the mother and one from the father. Seen during Prophase 1

Zygote

offspring (baby) where the egg and sperm meet

Crossing Over

When the genetic information from male and female swap between homologous chromosome

pairs; occurs during Prophase I

homologous chromosomes pair up in a process called synapsis.

Meiosis

Start with one diploid cell and end with four unique haploid cells

Alleles

different forms of a gene (Ex. 'A' and 'a')

Dominant

Trait is always expressed if present.

Recessive

Trait is only seen if dominant allele isn't present

Homozygous

When an organism has two alike alleles for a trait (Ex. AA or aa)

Heterozygous

When an organism has two different alleles for a trait (Ex. Aa)

Genotype

Genetic makeup of an organism, revealing the types of alleles he/she has inherited (Ex. AA)

Phenotype

Physical appearance/characteristic of an organism (Ex. Blue eyes)

Monohybrid Cross

examines the inheritance of ONLY one trait

Dihybrid Cross

examines the inheritance of two different traits

F1 Generation

the first generation's offspring

F2 Generation

the second generation's offspring

Incomplete Dominance

heterozygous offspring is a mixture of the parent's characteristics through multiple generations

Pedigree

A chart made to show inheritance patterns within a family

Codominance

heterozygous offspring contains BOTH parent's characteristics distinctly

Polygenic Trait

Trait controlled by two or more genes (Ex. Skin color and Eye Color)

Multiple Alleles

Three or more alternative forms of a gene are present but only two can be expressed at a time (Ex. Blood Type)

Sex-Linked Trait

Involves genes on either the X or the Y chromosome; Passed most normally through the Y chromosome (Ex. Color blindness, Hemophilia)

Law of Dominance

Some alleles are dominant and some are recessive

Law of Segregation

Alleles separate during meiosis and later unite in fertilization

Law of Independent Assortment

Segregation of alleles of one trait does not affect the segregation of alleles of another trait

Trait

Characteristic that can be passed from one parent to offspring (ex. baldness)

Heredity

Passing of traits from parent to offspring

Nitrogenous (Nitrogen) Base

Part of a nucleotide, consists of Thymine (only DNA), Uracil (only RNA), Adenine Guanine, and Cytosine