macromolecule

nitrogen

important element for building proteins and nucleic acids

phosphorus

important for building nucleic acids and some lipids

polymers

chain like macromolecules of similar or identical repeating units that are covalently bonded together

monomers

the repeating units that make up polymers

dehydration reaction

bonds 2 monomers with the loss of water. The OH of one monomer bonds to the H of another monomer, forming H2O, which is then released

hydrolysis reaction

breaks the bonds in a polymer by adding water. One H of H2O bonds to one monomer and the remaining OH of the H2O attaches to the other monomer (ex. sucrose breaking into glucose and fructose)

In order to completely hydrolyze polymers, you need ___ LESS than the number of monomers to be successful

1

carbohydrates

includes sugars and polymers of sugars, contains a carbonyl and many hydroxyl groups

elements that make up carbohydrates

C,H,O

monosaccharides

monomer of carbohydrates. simple sugar, molecular formula (CH2O). Most common is glucose which gives nutrients and energy for cells and is used in cellular respiration.

disaccharides

2 monosaccharides joined together by COVALENT bonds. Most common is sucrose (fructose and glucose)

polysaccharides

polymer with many sugars joined via dehydration reactions. Plants store starch which allows them to store excess glucose. Animals store glycogen which is used for a later time/date

cellulose

structural polysaccharide, forms plant cell walls

chitin

structural polysaccharide, forms exoskeleton of arthropods

formation of a protein

amino acid, peptide, polypeptide, protein

protein

molecule consisting of polypeptides folded into a 3D shape. shape determines function

Elements that make up protein

C,H,O,N,S

amino acids

molecules that have an amino group and carboxyl group. There are 20 different types, and each has a unique side group. Side chains can be hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or charged (hydrophilic). These side chains interact and determine the shape and function of the protein.

Peptide bond

formed when an amino group and a carboxyl group of an amino acid are positioned next to one another

polypeptide

held together by peptide bonds, each has a unique sequence of AA and directionality. Each one has a free amino (n-terminus) and carboxyl group (c-terminus)

functions of proteins

antibody, enzyme, messenger (hormones), structural, and transport

primary structure

like a necklace, linear chain of AA

secondary structure

coils and folds due to hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide backbone. Can be beta (pleated) or alpha (helix)

tertiary structure

caused by interactions between side chains of amino acids

nucleic acids

made of nucleotide monomers

nucleic acids function

store, transmit, and express hereditary information.

3 parts of nucleotides

nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group

pyrimidine (nitrogenous base)

one ring with 6 atoms. Cytosine, uracil, and thymine

purine (nitrogenous base)

one ring with 6 atoms attached to another ring with 5 atoms. Adenine and guanine

phophate group

added to the 5' carbon of the sugar to form a nucleotide. Link adjacent nucleotides

phosphodiester linkage

where phosphate links with sugar.

lipids

class of molecules that do not include true polymers, small in size and often not considered a macromolecules.

elements that make up lipids

CHOP

types of lipids

fats, phospholipids, steroids

fats

composed of glycerol (alcohol) and fatty acids (long carbon chains with carboxyl group)

saturated fatty acid

no double bonds between carbons = more hydrogen (saturated with hydrogen)

unsaturated fatty acids

contains one or more double bonds

phospholipids

major component of cell membranes. 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol and a phosphate. Head is hydrophilic, tails are hydrophobic

steroids

lipids have 4 fused rings and unique groups attach to the ring depending on the steroid

polymer of lipids

triglyceride