Unit 3

Coenzyme

Coenzyme

Molecule that combine with an enzyme to help promote activity

Enriched

Adding a nutrient back that was removed in processing

Fortified

Adding a nutrient to a food that was not originally there’

Water Soluble Vitamins

Absorbed into blood, transported in water fluids, not stored, readily excreted, B vitamins

Thiamin

Deficiency: Beriberi

• Loss of sensation in hands and feet

• Muscular weakness

• Abnormal heart action

Riboflavin

No deficiency associated with

Niacin

Deficiency: Pellegra (rough skin)

• Diarrhea

• Dermatitas

• Dementia

• Death

• Toxicity: UL based on synthetic forms only

Biotin and Pantothenic Acid

Function: Energy Metabolism

Biotin: coenzyme in carbohydrate fat and protine digestion

Pantothenic acid: stimulates growth

Vitamin B6

• Function

  • Amino Acid synthesis

  • Hemoglobin synthesis

  • Regulation of blood glucose

• Food source

  • Meat, fish, poultry

  • potatoes

  • BananasDeficiency

• Deficiency

  • Weakness

  • irritability

  • Insomnia

  • Weakened immune system

• Toxicity

  • Stored in muscle-just like animals we get them from

  • Cause reversible neurozpathesis in feet, hands and mouth

Vitamin B 12

• Function

  • Enables folate to get into cells

  • Helps maintain sheath around nerve cells

  • Coenzyme in cell replication

  • Absorption depends on intrinsic factor

• Food sources

  • Almost exclusivly in animal products

  • Fortified products

• Deficiency

  • More likley poor abpoption versus poor intake: age, acid blocking meds, IF

  • Pernicilous anemia

  • Paralysis of nerves and muscles

Folate

• Function

  • Helps synthesize DNA

  • Needed for cell division

• Food sources

  • Green leafy veggies

  • Bread and cereals fortified

  • RDA: important in women of child bearing age, measured in DFE

• Deficiency

  • Anemia

  • Impaired cell division: neural tube defect apparent at birth

• Toxicity

  • High folate can mask vitamin B12 deficiency causing nerve damage of b12 to continue

  • UL for synthetic forms only: includes fortified foods and supplements

Vitamin C

• Function

  • Production and maintance of collage

  • Enhances immune function

  • Assists in iron absorption

  • Antioxidants

• Food sources

  • Citrus fruit and juices

  • Sweet potatoe

  • Strawberries

  • Kiwi

  • Tomatoes

  • Broccoli

  • Peppers

• Deficency

  • Bleeding gums and pin point bruises

  • Continued deviancy: scurvy

• Toxicity

  • Water soluble

  • large doses in pill form can cuses adverse effects- taking blood thinners, prone to kidney stones or gout

  • Nausea

  • Abdominal cramps

  • Diarrhea

Vitamin A

• Function

  • Vision

  • Immune function

  • Bone and body growth

  • Reproduction

  • healthy body lining and skin

• Forms

  • retional storage

  • vison

  • growth and gene regulation

  • converted to retonoic acid

• sources

  • Liver, fortified foods, milk

  • Beta: antioxidants, bright orange fruits and vegges, green leafy veggies

  • DRI based on retinal activity equivilants

• Deficency

  • Night blindness

  • Total blindness

  • Dry, cracked skin

  • Decreased immune function

• Toxicity

  • UL for active vitamin A: hair loss, skin rashes, liver failure, weak bones, birth defects

  • Yellow/ orange skin

Vitamin D

• Function

  • Promotes bone mineralization

  • Assit in immune function

• sources

  • sunlight

  • salmo, mackerel, sardine, tuna

  • fortified milk

  • Egg yolks

• Deficency

  • Rickets

  • Ostemolacia

  • Soft, porous bones

  • Fracture easily

• Toxicity

  • Most potentailly toxic

  • Toxicity doesnt occr with sun exposure

  • Soft tissue damage

Iron

• function

  • Part of every living cell

  • Hemoglobin

  • Myoglobin

  • RDA higher for women

• food sources

  • Animal flesh

  • Plants

• deficiency

  • Anemia

  • Picca

  • General fatiutge, irratibily, fatugie

  • Lowered IQ

• toxicity

  • Toxic amount difficult to discrete

  • Acute poising is fatal

Zinc

• Function

  • Activlated enzymes

  • Vision

  • Immune function

  • Wount healing

  • Taste perception

  • Growth

• Foodosurces

  • Meats

  • shellfish

  • Poultry

  • Legumes

  • Not well absorbed

• Deficeiency

  • Growth restriction

  • Impared immune function

• Toxicity

  • Supplements may cause toxicity symptoms

  • May impair copper and iron absorbtion

Selenium

• Function

  • assist with vitamin E as antioxidant

• Food sources

  • meats and shellfish

  • Veggies and grains grwon in selenium rich soil

• Deficieicy

  • Rare

  • soil in US and Canada is rich

• Toxicity

  • Pssible with supplementation

Iodine

• Function

  • synthesis of homones by thyroid glands

• Food sources

  • Seafood

  • Salt

  • Fastfoods

  • Milk and yogurt

• Defeciency

  • Thyroid glands enlarges

  • Weight gain

  • Sluggish

  • Toxicity

  • Depression of thyroid activiy

Copper

• Function

  • Helps form hemoglobin and collagen

  • Energy metabolism and release

• Food sources

  • Organic meats, seafood, legumes, nuts and seeds

• Deficiency

  • rare

  • Anemia

  • interferes with copper

Chromium

• Function

  • assist with carbs metabolism

• Food sources

  • meat

  • grains

  • vegetable oil

Sodium, potassium, chloride

• Function

  • electrolytes used to maintain fluid volume and acid base balance

  • Nerve cell transmission

  • Muscle contraction and heartbeat

• Food sources

  • table salt

• Deficiency

  • dehydration, overhydration, prolonged committing, diarrhea

• Toxicity

  • salt sensitive individuals and blood pressure

Magnesium

• Function

  • over half found in bones

  • hold calcium and tooth enemel

  • nessary for energy

  • musle contractions

• Food sources

  • unprocessed foods

  • Legumes, nuts, seeds

  • Green leafy veggies

• Deficiency

  • rare in healthy indivituals

  • Alcohol abuse, problonged vomiting or direaha

• Toxicity

  • not due in foods

  • UL in synthetic forms

Calcium

• Function

  • Bones and teeth

  • Calcium in blood

• Food sources

  • Milk and Milk products

  • Calcium fortified foods

  • Salmon or sardines w bones

  • Broccoli, kalte, turnip greens-well absorbed

  • Spinach, swiss charedp not well absorbed

• Deficiency

  • Osteoporosis

  • Bone building

• Toxicity

  • Interference w absorption of other minerals

  • Increased risk for kidney stone formation

Phosphorus

• Function

  • bone and teeh structure

  • Phosphurus salts: acid base balance

  • phospholpids

  • energy metabolism

• Food sources

• milk and milk products

• animal protein foods like meath, fish, poultry, eggs

Flouride

• Function

  • Bone and teeth structure

• Food sources

  • Drinking water

• Deficiency

  • Risk of dental decay

• Toxicity

  • Fluorosis

Identify the option below that contains only water-soluble vitamins:

Riboflavin, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid

What active form of vitamin A is made from beta-carotene and stored in specialized liver cells

Retinol

Vitamin D

Calcium

Found in vegetables, oils, and functions as poweful antioxidants

Vitamin E

Anemia and digestive problems

Folate

B and C

B

C

Water soluble

Coenzyme

Antioxidants

vitamin K

Fat soluble: blood clotting, and bone formation

Vitamin A

Night blindness

Diarrhea,

Loss of appetite

Deficiency in which nutrient causes a diabetes like condition: insulin activity is limited

Chromium

Thyroxine activity depends on_____ which regulates

cofactor for ntioxidant enzymes

selenium

aerobic metabolism that fules moderate-intensity activy depening on what to fuel

fatty acids