nutrition module 9- vitamins

know name, functions, and conditions associated with underconsumption and overconsumption

how many calories do vitamins yield

none

why are vitamins organic

they contain carbon

what are the fat soluble vitamins

K, A, D, E

why does vitamin b4 not exist anymore

because it is now classified as a nucleotide (adenine)

where are fat soluble vitamins stored

in liver and fat cells

what is hypervitaminosis

vitamin toxicity

water soluble vitamins stay in the body for ___ time, so they are ___ likely to cause toxicity

less, less

because water soluble vitamins don’t stay in the body for very long, you are at an increased risk for ___

deficiency

how many chemical forms does vitamin A have

3

what is the most active form of vitamin A

retinol

• integrity of epithelial cells

• bone growth

• cell membrane stability

• acne medication

• vision

• immune function

functions of vitamin a

excess scar tissue in liver

cirrhosis

• in early stages of deficiency, you could get night blindness

vitamin A (retinol)

what is the structure that uses vitamin a the most

the eye

xerophthalmia

dry eye condition

what happens in long term vitamin a deficiency

permanent loss of vision and dry eyes

• liver damage (scarring)

• birth defects

symptoms of vitamin a toxicity

is beta carotene supplements recommended to the general public

no

what happens if a smoker takes beta carotene

they could increase risk of lung cancer

cholecalciferol

other name for vitamin d

• regulation of calcium metabolism

• stimulates kidneys to conserve calcium

• stimulates calcium release from bone to blood levels

functions of vitamin d

what happens to the requirement of intake for vitamin d while you age

it increases

where do we get most of our vitamin d from in food

from fortified foods

• cholesterol in skin combines with ultraviolet rays

• converted into precursor of vitamin d

• eventually makes its way into kidneys

• converted into active form

how we make vitamin d

what is the active form of vitamin d

d3

a disease characterized by softening and deformity of long bone

• inability to deposit calcium unto newly formed bone

• called bow legs

rickets

softening of bone caused by decalcification

osteomalacia

calcification

soft tissue turns hard

which vitamin is considered the number one antioxidant in the body

vitamin e

what is the name of the group of compounds that make up vitamin e

tocopherols

what are the four types of tocopherols

alpha beta gamma and delta

when free radicals cause oxidative stress, what stops the free radicals

anti oxidants

• antioxidant

• enhances immune function

• required for nerve cell development (fetal progamming)

functions of vitamin e

• anemia

• ataxia

• reproductive failure

• impaired vision

symptoms of vitamin e

what is ataxia

loss of muscle coordination and reflexes

• blod clotting

• activates proteins to make fibrin and forms blood clots

functions of vitamin k

what is the other name for vitamin k

phyllo guinone

where do we get most of our vitamin k from

from e. coli in the colon

what is the other name for thrombocytes

platelets

what do thrombocytes do

turn into fibrin and clot

which population is at highest risk for vitamin k deficiency

newborns

why are newborns most susceptible to vitamin e deficiencies:

because e. coli has not populated their gut yet

what is vitamin c also known as

ascorbic acid

• bleeding gums

• tooth loss

• poor wound healing

• and small hemorrhages on the skin

characteristics of scurvy

• acts as an antioxidant

• synthesis of collagen

• facilitates iron absorption in GI

functions of vitamin c

which protein is the most broken down in the body

collagen

• scurvy

  • due to improper formation of collagen

• anemia

  • due to poor iron absorption

main symptoms of deficiency of vitamin c

name for b1

thiamin

name for b2

riboflavin

name for b3

niacin

name of b5

pantothenic acid

name for b9

folate

name for b7

biotin

• coenzymes or cofactors in energy metabolism

• assist enzymes with energy release

• without these coenzymes, enzymes cannot function

common functions of all b vitamins

what is the active form of b1 (thiamin) in energy metabolism

TPP

where is the vitamin b complex found in foods

animal flesh

in who does the b1 deficiency happen most

alcoholics and malnourished individuals

what is beriberi

a condition in which the heart becomes enlarged

if condition primarily affects the CV system:

wet beriberi

if condition primarily affects the nervous system

dry beriberi

is beriberi reversible

no!!

what is fad called (b2)

high energy carrier

does riboflavin deficiencies happen by themselves

no- usually with other water soluble vitamin deficiencies

what are the two forms of of niacin (b3)

nicotinamide and nicotinic acid

what is niacin used for in the body

used for synthesis of fatty acids (lipogenesis)

• flushing of face and body

• redness of faces, arms, and chest

• tingling sensation

toxicity of b3 or niacin

what are the symptoms of pellagra (hint 4 d’s)

diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

• synthesis of non essential amino acids

• glucose metabolism

function of b6

which three vitamin deficiencies can lead to anemia

E, C, B6

which source of b9 is the recommended form to eat? (folate or folic acid)

folic acid because it is easier to absorb in GI

AIDS IN DNA REPLICATION

• affects red blood cell synthesis 

• central nervous system formation in fetal development

functions of folate or b9

what will happen to the baby if the mom is folate deficient

spina bifida, anencephaly

what is macrocytic anemia

large cell anemia

what is spina bifida

the failure for the spinal cord to close in utero

what is anencephaly

lack or incomplete development of brain and skull

what is the term for the combination of spina bifida and anencephaly

neural tube defects

what is the nickname for b12

cobalamine

• essential in converting folate into active form

• maintains the insulating lining that covers the nerve fibers, known as MYELIN SHEATH

functions of b12

why is b12 called cobalamine

because the structure contains cobalt

how is b12 synthesized (hint: same as K)

from bacteria

• lower intrinsic factor

• lower hydrochloric acid secretion

• lower ability to release vitamin b12 from dietary protein

reasons why b12 absorption decreases as we age

• macrocytic anemia

• if lack of intrinsic factor, then pernicious anemia occurs (much worse)

diseases caused by lack of b12