PSY 341- Exam One

chapters 1-4

5 age periods

prenatal- up to birth

infancy & toddlerhood- 0-3

early childhood- 3-6

middle childhood- 6-11

adolescence- 11-20

Development

continuity and change that happens over time

3 aspects of development

physical

cognitive

psychosocial

heredity

inborn traits we inherit from our parents (genetics)

Nature vs. Nurture

environment

the person’s experiences

• Siblings

• Where they grew up

maturation

unfolding of a natural sequence of physical or behavioral changes

natural order of physical development

• example: lift head, roll over, crawl, walk

nuclear family

2 generational relationships (Parents and Child)

Extended Family

multiple generational relationships (Grandparents and cousins)

Culture

traditions, customs of society

Ethnic Group

people who are tied or connected to religion or culture or race

common beliefs creates identity or shared ideas

socioeconomic status (SES)

related to income of family

education

normative events

experienced the same by most people in a group

normative age-graded influences

very similar experienced for kids the same age group

Example: loosing baby teeth, puberty

normative history-graded influences

very similar experiences for people at a formative time

example: great depression

non-normative events

unusual experience that has major impact of child’s development

Example: mother dies

critical period vs. sensitive period

specific time when a certain event has the greatest impact

critical: it has to happen

sensitive: more flexible

active vs. passive

active: influence their own development

passive: absorbs environment (environment influences development)

Continuity vs. discontinuity

continuity: development as gradual change and improvement (can go forward and backwards) (Ramp graph)

discontinuity: radical and dramatic changes (Steps graph)

Id

basic instincts everyone has

present at birth

unconscious mind

Ego

decision maker

tries to meet demands but not get into trouble

in touch with relatity

does not care about morality

Superego

moral conscious

tells you right things to do

depends on how you were raised

oral stage

infancy

focused on the mouth

pacifier, putting things into mouth

vaping, smoking, chewing gums or nails

anal stage

12-18 months

toilet training

bladder and bowel control

tend to have messy or clean traits

phallic stage

3-6 years old

gender role

sex desire for mother (unconscious), can’t have sex with mother so he becomes best friends with dad.

How they learn gender role

latency stage

little girl has penis envy, sex desire with dad (unconscious) but can’t so becomes best friends with mom.

learn gender role

genital stage

mature

able to have sex

focused on genitals

psychosocial theory

agreed with Freud’s basics

can resolve in adult relationships in positive

shapes adult personality

behaviorism

study specific types of learning

classical conditioning

views kids as passive learnings

how we learn to connect between two different events in a situation

operate conditioning

punishment or reinforcement

social learning theory

the kid is an active learning

reciprocal determinism

cause of development is by directional

child is going to affect the world around them

observational learning

social context by observing and imitating others

learn by what the see around them

cognitive stage theory

Piaget (tested on his own kids)

active learning

form scheme (concepts) of things

organize information around schemes

adaptation

how people handle new information

assimilation

interpret new information to make it fit with what you already know

accommodation

change your cognitive structure to include new information

equilibration

try to find a balance between assimilation and accommodation

information processing approach

break brain down into component parts

take development skills and break it down into smaller pieces

contextual perspective

impact of social context on kids delvopment

bioecological theory

have to understand all environments the kids are in

microsystem

environment that is closest

example: parents, home, school

mesosystem

interaction between two microsystems

example: home life interacts with school life

exosystem

linking of 2 or more systems

at least one does not affect the child

example: mom comes home from work in a bad mood, affects child

macrosystem

over arching influences

example: culture, education, health care

socioculture theory

how children interact with environments

Zone of proximal development

ZPD

time to teach or learning occurs

levels at which a child can also master a task on their own

scaffolding

the temporary support that teachers or parents give to kids while they are mastering a task

example: help tying a show

evolutionary/sociobiological perspectives

humans are born with enate behaviors to help promote our survival

example; eating, swallowing reflext

fertilization

sperm and egg fuse together to make new cell

sex

zygote

brand new genes, never made before

dizygotic twins

monozygotic twins

fraternal twins/2 different eggs and sperm

identical twins/same egg and sperm

infertility causes

age, STIs, vaping, smoking, drinking

artificial insemination

sperm banks

injection of sperm directly into women’s cerfix

in vitro fertilization

fertilization occurs outside of women’s body

under microscope- egg and sperm join together then put back into women’s body

3-5 eggs typically

expensive/doesn’t always work

ovum transfer

eggs donated by another women

age is big factor to why someone would do this

less expensive

surrogate motherhood

another women carries the baby

women usually gets pregnant by insemination

expensive

has to have contract before doing this

adoption

expensive

legal process

ART techniques

artificial insemination

in vitro fertilization

ovum transfer

surrogate motherhood

adoption

genetic codes

chromosomes: coils of DNA

Gamets: sex genes

genes: segments of DNA that are specific

DNA: carries blueprint, coils of DNA

hormones

between 6-8 weeks

chromosome carries testosterone or Wnt-4 that triggers female or male characteristics

homozygous

heterozygous

recessive inheritance (r)

dominant inheritance (D)

determined by alleles

polygenic inheritance

interaction of a # of genes to produce a complex trait

Ex: skin color

Multifactorial transmission

interaction between the genes and environment to produce a factor

Ex: music ability- might be born with it but environment determines how good it is

epigenesis

mechanism that controls the functioning of genes by turning them on or off without affecting their DNA structure

genetic and chromosomal abnormalities

genetic: can complete or miscarriage pregnancy

• egg and sperm do not divide correctly

Chromosomal: mutation- something that occurs during development of the individual

down syndrome

1 out of 40 have it

21st pair of chromosome

95% caused by mom’s eggs

genetic counseling

helps parents figure out chances of getting herdity disorders

pre-conception

karyotype: photo of chromosomes

heritability

statistical estimate of the contribution of heredity of individual differences on a specific trait within a given population

takes in account of environment

reaction range

potential variability of the trait

genetic limits the range of traits but the environment depends on how it is in that range

canalization

trait that has a very strong genetic component

the environment does’t matter as much

siblings

non shared environmental effects

enough differences that environments are different

siblings are more different than alike

family studies

kinship studies

take family tree and look for specific trait and look for resemblance

siblings should be more similar than 1st cousins

adoption studies

how similar adopted parents and child are vs. bio parents

twin studies

mono and dizygotic

similarities and differences

twins raised in different households- similarities and differences

cephalocaudal principle

development of embryo from head to toe

head to tail

top to bottom

proximodistal principle

development from center to outer body

near to far

start development organs inside first

prenatal stages

germinal stage: by 2 week, develop placenta, embryonic sack and conception to two weeks

• one cell divides into two cells then 4, etc.

• clusters of cells attach to the wall

embryonic stage: 2-8 weeks

• major organs and major body systems

• key period of development

• embryo is sensitive to environment

• 80% of miscarriages or birth defects happen during this time

fetal stage: 8-40 weeks

• finishing touches

• fingernails, eyelashes, eyebrows

• baby grows 20 times in length

• mom can feel baby move

• baby develops hearing

fetal learning

babies do process some things

baby prefers mom’s voice

can receive language

babies want what they are familiar with

prenatal environment

folic acid vitamin is very important

mother should expect to gain 25-30 lbs

teratogens

any environmental factor that interferes with development causes birth defects

teratogens examples

medical drugs

alcohol

marijuana

nicotine

cocain/crack

caffeine

maternal factors

illness: depends on timing

• diabetes affect child

• tuberculoses

• STIs

• HIV can be transmitted to baby

Rh factor: + or - blood type

• + has Rh factor - does not

• if mothers body has Rh factor and baby is negative- mother’s body will fight it off resulting in a miscarriage

• treatment is a vaccine

paternal factors

father carries through quality sperm

affects: age, exposure to substances, diet has been connected to development

ultrasound

60% of parents get this

high frequency sound waves that show pictures of fetus, uterus, and placenta

no risk

maternal blood test

takes blood sample from mother

measures AFP levels

detects down syndrome 99% of time

no risk

gives false postives 50% of time

prenatal cell-free DNA

test mother’s DNA to get baby’s DNA

after 12 weeks of pregnancy

indicates disorders

less specific than blood test

amniocentesis

ultrasound guides needle to amniotic sack to insert hallow needle to collect amniotic fluid

gets baby’s DNA to look at genetic disorders

15-20 weeks of pregnancy

2 weeks for results

can trigger miscarriage 1-3% of time

chorionic villus sampling

needle through belly

extract tissue membrane from cell

catheter through cervix

10-12 weeks of pregnancy

results faster

3-5% trigger miscarriage

umbilical cord blood sampling

go through umbilical cord

withdrawal fetus’s blood

don’t do this unless needed

preimplantation genetic dianosis

before pregnancy

convitro conception(outside body)

test cell for genetic disorders

implant cells that don’t have disorders

works on any genetics

expensive

screen for gender or any genetic things

first stage of birth

dilation of cervix has to happen (10 cm)

contractions help uterus dilate (15-20 minutes apart)

12-14-24+ hours long

longest for 1st baby

effacement: thinning or softening of cerfix

second stage of birth

delivery of baby

2 hours or less(pushing)

end of stage 1 contractions should be 2-5 minutes

third stage of birth

deliver placenta

mild contractions

10-60 minutes

pull placenta out by umbilical cord

risk of mother during this time

childbirth medication

analgesic

anesthesia(epidural)

natural/prepared

cesaren

no long term problems

painkiller/fentynal

numb sensation- can control numbness- have to decide earlier than later- 71% use epidural

go through classes before- focus on relaxation/education

c-section- surgically remove baby- 32% of delivery is c-section

• advantages: breach baby, labor is not processing, mother is bleeding

• disadvantages: longer recovery time, expensive, riskyer for mother

electronic fetal monitoring

machines to track baby’s heart rate during labor and delivery

tells when contractions happen

important during high risk deliveries

used 89% of time

midwife

person who has nursing degree, trained to assist in births

person is with you entire labor and birth

doula

person gives you emotional and practical support through labor and delivery

usually women who gave birth herself

shorter labor

neonate

brand new new born

born to 1 month

head usually lumpy from being squeezed through

skin scaly

average birth size 7 ½ lbs

fontanel

dips in skull

holes in skull

have to form together