Biology - Patterns of Inheritance

the science of heredity:

genetics

Gregor Mendel was from:

Austria

What did Mendel discover?

the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas

what is another name for mendel?

the father of genetics

what are some advantages of using pea plants to study?

distinct features, controlled mating, gamete-producing organs, and cross-pollination

A:

ovary

B:

ovule

C:

style

D:

stigma

E:

anther

F:

filament

G:

stamen

H:

sepal

I:

receptacle

J:

petal

K:

carpel

at the base of the flower, are usually green, enclose the flower before it opens:

sepal

these are important in attracting pollinators:

petals

the stamen is made up of:

filament and anther

stamens are the ____ part:

male

what grows in the anther?

pollen grains

the carpel consists of:

style, stigma, and ovary

usually, plants:

self-pollinate

how did mendel ensure that self-pollination would occur?

he covered the flower with a bag.

how did mendel ensure that cross-fertilization would occur?

cut off the stamen of one plant and dusted its carpel powder with another plant.

true breeds are:

offspring with identical traits to those of the parents: homozygous

in mendels experiment, the true-breed generation was called:

P generation

in mendels experiment, the hybrid offspring of the P generation were called:

F1 generation

F1 stands for:

first filial

F2 was a result of:

F1 self-pollinating

what phenotypic ratio did mendel discover in the F2 generation?

3 purple to 1 white flower

purple is a ___ trait, while white is a ____ trait

dominant, recessive

flower color ratio:

3\.15 purple: 1 white

flower position ratio:

3\.14 axial: 1 terminal

seed color ratio:

3\.01 yellow: 1 green

seed shape ratio:

2\.96 round: 1 wrinkled

pod shape ratio:

2\.95 inflated: 1 constricted

pod color ratio:

2\.82 green: 1 yellow

stem length ratio:

2\.84 tall: 1 short

mendel’s model is made up of:

four concepts

mendel’s first concept:

alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters

allele:

alternate variation of a gene

mendel’s second concept:

for each character an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent

mendel’s third concept:

if the two alleles at a locus differ, then the dominant allele determines the organism’s appearance, and the recessive allele has no noticeable effect on appearance

upper case letters represent these alleles:

dominant

lower case letters represent these alleles:

recessive

mendel’s fourth concept:

the sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited trait because allele pairs separate from each other during the production of gametes.

mendel’s fourth concept is known today as:

the law of segregation

a punnet square is used to:

show the results of random fertilization

A:

PP

B:

pp

C:

Pp

D:

Pp

E:

pp

F:

Pp and pp

phenotypic ratio of the left:

100% purple

genotypic ratio of the left:

4 Pp

phenotypic ratio of the right:

50% purple, 50% white

genotypic ratio of the right:

2 Pp: 2 pp

a monohybrid cross is a:

one trait cross

a homozygous organism has:

two identical alleles

a heterozygous organism has:

two different alleles

an organism’s physical appearance:

phenotype

an organism’s genetic makeup:

genotype

you can determine the genotype of an organism with the dominant phenotype by carrying out a:

testcross

in a test cross:

an individual of unknown genotype mates with a recessive homozygous individual

the law of independent assortment states that:

each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation

genes that are located near each other on the same chromosome are called:

linked genes

non-linked alleles exhibit:

independent assortment

linked alleles exhibit:

dependent assortment

the rule of addition states:

the probability that an event can occur in two or more alternative ways is the sum of the separate probabilities of the different ways.

the multiplication rule states:

the probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities

True or False: dominant alleles are always more common:

False

extra fingers and toes are called:

polydactly

A person with achondroplasia has a __% chance of passing the condition on to any children.

50

Huntington’s disease is a degenerative disease of the:

nervous system

People who exhibit Huntington’s disease’s symptoms usually die __ to __ years later:

10, 20

this is the most common lethal genetic disease in the united states:

cystic fibrosis

symptoms of cystic fibrosis:

excessive secretion of very thick mucus from the lungs, pancreas, and other organs

Sickle-cell disease affects __out of __ African-Americans

1,400

sickle cell disease is caused by the _____ of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin sequence:

substitution

sickle cell disease symptoms:

physical weakness, pain, organ damage, paralysis

mating of close relatives:

inbreeding

close relatives’ offspring is more likely to have a genetic disorder because:

both relatives are more likely to carry the same recessive allele

sex linked genes are located on:

the sex chromosomes

X-O system (which organisms have it, male, female)

some insects, XO, XX

Z-W system (which organisms have it, male, female)

some fishes, birds, and butterflies, ZZ, ZW

a pedigree is:

a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children

pedigrees can be used to:

trace inheritance patterns and make predictions about future offspring

fathers transmit their X and Y alleles to which children?

X allele to daughter, Y allele to son

mothers transmit their X alleles to which children?

both children get one X allele

squares in pedigrees mean:

male

circles in pedigrees mean:

female

if an affected individual has 2 unaffected parents, the disease is:

recessive

founding parents:

male and female in the first generation

founding children:

children of the founding parents

when an affected founding daughter has two unaffected parents, the disease is:

autosomal recessive

when an affected founding son has two unaffected parents, the disease is:

recessive (autosomal or x-linked)

when an affected non-founding son has two unaffected parents, the disease is:

x-linked recessive

when an affected son has a non-founding father who is also affected, the disease is:

autosomal dominant