CHP 5 FORM 5 CHEMISTRY EXAMPLES OF SUBSTANCES AND APPLICATIONS

fragrance

enchance fragrance (jasmine, lavender)

whitening agent

change dirt to colourless substance (sodium perborate,sodium hyprochloride)

antisuspension agent

prevent removed dirt from repositing to cloth (sodium carboxylmethycellulase)

drying agent

ensure detergent powder is always dry (sodium sulphate, sodium silicate)

biological enzyme

remove blood/milk/sugar stain (amylase,protease,cellulase,lipase)

optical whitener

make cloth whiter (fluorescent dyes)

water softener and builder

enhance effectiveness of detergent soften the water (sodium tripolyphosphate)

foam control agent

control foam formed by detergent (alkyl monoethanolamide)

ginger

remove gas from body,prevent cold,warm the body

aloe vera

treat skin diseases , wounds

tamarind

juice of fruit that relieve cough , brighten the skin

ginseng

build immunity against infections, lower blood pressure and cholesterol level

corticosteroids

bethamethastone valerate

reduce inflammation, treat asthma, allergies, arthritis

side effect: osteoporosis,hypertension,diabetes, weight gain

antimicrobials(antibiotic)

penicillin, streptomycin

kill growth of bacteria

side effect:headache,dizziness,allergic reaction

prescription:consume it fully to make sure all bacteria are killed, otherwise they become resistant to the antibiotic

psychotic drugs

haloperidol,chlorpromazine,clozapine

treat mental illness

side effect:drowsiness,weight gain after prolonged usage, stiffness and shakes

analgesics(codeine)

relieve pain, treat cough and diarrhoea

side effect:drowsiness,addiction

antimicrobials(disinfectants)

ethanol, formaldehyde

kill microorganisms on non-living object

analgesics(aspirin)

aka acetylsalicylic acid

relief pain in conscious state,reduce inflammation and blood clotting

side effect:acidic, cause internal bleeding and ulceration, not suitable for childrens and gastric patients

antimicrobials(antiseptics)

hydrogen peroxide,iodine,ethanol,boric acid

kill growth of bacteria externally, prevent infections

only used externally, not digested

anti allergy

antihistamines

treat nasal stuffiness, sneezing ,itchy and runny nose, reduce inflammation, swelling

side effect:dry mouth(xerostomia), dizziness,blurred vision,constipation

analgesics(paracetamol)

relief pain in conscious state

side effect;liver damage if taken overdose

titanium dioxide

used in pesticides to enhance antimicrobial activity in plants

used in fabric to reduce wrinkles of cotton and silk

added to sunscreen lotion to provide UV protection

silver nanoparticles

used in fertiliser to increase nutrient uptake by plants

used in fabrics to prevent nasty odour caused by bacteria

used in food packaging to prevent growth of bacteria and keeps food fresh

zinc nanoparticles

added to food to enhance food flavour and texture

iron nanoparticles

used in firefighter fabrics to make fabric fire resistant

silicon dioxide

used in fabrics to make fabric water repellent

added to food to enhance food flavour and texture

drug delivery system into body uses nanocapsule

application of nanoparticles in medicine

jasmine, lavender

fragrance

sodium perborate, sodium hypochloride

whitening agent

sodium carboxylmethylcellulase

anti suspension agent

sodium sulphate, sodium silicate

drying agent

protease, amylase, cellulase, lipase

biological enzyme

fluorescent dyes

optical whitener

sodium tripolyphosphate

water softener and builder

alkyl monoethanolamide

foam control agent

bethamethastone valerate

osteoporosis, hypertension, diabetes, gain weight

haloperidol, chlorpromazine, clozapine

drowsiness, weight gain, stiffness and shakes

codeine

drowsiness, addiction

aspirin

acidic, cause internal bleeding and ulceration

antihistamines

dry mouth, dizziness, blurred vision, constipation

bethamethastone valerate

reduce inflammation, treat asthma, allergies, arthritis

penicillin, streptomycin

kill growth of bacteria

haloperidol, chlorpromazine, clozapine

treat mental illness

codeine

relieve pain, treat cough, diarrhoea

ethanol, formaldehyde

kill microorganisms on non living objects

aspirin

relieve pain in conscious state, reduce inflammation and blood clotting

hydrogen peroxide, iodine, ethanol, boric acid

kill growth of bacteria externally, prevent infections

antihistamines

treat nasal stuffiness, itchy and runny nose, reduce inflammation, swelling

paracetamol

relieve pain in conscious state

Wastewater is pumped into water treatment system

Wastewater Treatment (1)

Solid waste screening process

Wastewater Treatment (2) (to remove papers, metals)

Wastewater is treated thorugh electrocoagulation

Wastewater Treatment (3) (To remove suspended solid/flocs)

Wastewater is discharged into wastewater sedimentation

Wastewater Treatment (4)

Sludge is collected and used as fertiliser

Wastewater Treatment (5)

Effluent is discharged into drainage system

Wastewater Treatment (6)

lecithin, monoglycerides, triglycerides

Emulsifiers

pectin, acacia gum, agar

Stabilisers

ascorbic acid, tocopherol, citric acid

Antioxidants

msg, ester, aspartame, sorbitol, stevia

Flavouring

sodium nitrate, sodium benzoate, sulphur dioxide, salt, vinegar

Preservatives

starch, gelatine, acacia gum, xanthan gum

thickeners

azo compounds, triphenyl compounds

dyes