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What crops supported Mayan and Aztec civilizations

Corn (maize).

What crop supported the Inca civilization

Potatoes.

Why were North American native societies less complex than Central/South American ones

Slower spread of corn cultivation.

What type of settlements did Southwest Natives like the Pueblos live in

Multistoried buildings, caves, under cliffs.

How did the Northwest Native Americans live

Permanent longhouses; hunting, fishing, gathering.

What was the key animal for Great Plains Natives

Buffalo.

What effect did horses have on Plains Natives like the Lakota Sioux

Shifted from farming to hunting buffalo.

What culture is known for building huge earthen mounds in the Midwest

Adena-Hopewell culture.

What was the largest settlement in the Midwest

Cahokia (near St. Louis).

What was the Iroquois Confederation

Political union of five tribes in New York.

What invention helped spread knowledge in Europe before exploration

Printing press.

What major religious event caused competition between Catholic and Protestant nations

Protestant Reformation.

What country started African slave trading for sugar plantations in the 15th century

Portugal.

What two countries split land under the Treaty of Tordesillas

Spain and Portugal.

Who conquered the Aztecs and Incas

Cortés (Aztecs) and Pizarro (Incas).

What deadly diseases did Europeans bring to the Americas

Smallpox and measles.

What new foods came from the Americas to Europe

Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco.

What was the encomienda system

Spaniards received land and Native labor.

What was the asiento system

Spanish paid a tax to import African slaves.

What Spanish priest advocated for Native American rights

Bartolomé de Las Casas.

What were the New Laws of 1542

Ended Native slavery and forced labor.

What was the Valladolid Debate

Debate over Native treatment (Las Casas vs. Sepúlveda).

How did English colonists initially interact with Native Americans

Coexisted, traded, shared farming techniques.

How did French colonists interact with Native Americans

Formed alliances for fur trading; treated Natives better.

Why did Native Americans struggle to resist European colonization

Tribes were divided, not unified.

What was a major social cause of exploration

Spread Christianity (Catholicism).

What political reason justified English expansion

"Helping" Natives escape Spanish brutality.

What was a major economic motivation for Spanish exploration

Mining gold and silver.

How did the Dutch control colonies economically

Through the Dutch West India Company.

What effect did smallpox and measles have on Native Americans

Killed about 90% of the Native population.