A&P TEST 1 Flashcards

Anatomy

The study of structure & shape of the body & its parts

Physiology

The study of how the body & its parts work/function

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite constantly changing external conditions

Levels of Structural Organization

• Chemical Level

• Cellular Level

• Tissue Level

• Organ Level

• Organ System Level

• Organismal Level

Chemical Level

At this level, Atoms combine to form molecules

Cellular Level

At this level, cells are made of molecules

Tissue Level

At this level, tissues consist of similar types of cells

Organ Level

At this level, Organs are made of different types of tissues

Organ System Level

At this level, organ systems consist of different organs that work together

Organismal level

The human organism is made up of many organ systems

Anatomical Position

• Body is erect, feet slightly apart

• Arms are hanging at sides with palms facing forward

• Head and eyes are facing forward

Superior (Cranial)

Above; toward the head

Inferior (Caudal)

Below; away from the head

Anterior (Ventral)

Front of the body

Posterior (Dorsal)

Back of the body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Close to the origin of a body part or point of attachment

Distal

Farther away from the origin of a body part or point of attachment

Superficial

Toward or at the body surface

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into left and right parts

Midsagittal (Median) Plance

Sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Vertical plane dividing body into anterior & Posterior parts

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

horizontal plane dividing the body into superior & inferior parts

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

This quadrant contains the liver, gallbladder, right kidney, & portions of the stomach & intestines

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

This quadrant contains the stomach, spleen, left kidney, portions of the liver & intestines

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Contains appendix, portions of intestines, & right reproductive organs

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

This quadrant contains portions of the intestines & left reproductive organs

Integumentary System

This system contains: Skin, Hair, & Nails

• Functions: protection & temperature regulation

Skeletal System

This system contains: Bones & Joints

• Functions: Support & Protection

Muscular System

This system contains: Skeletal Muscles

• Functions: Movement

Nervous System

This system contains: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves

• Functions: Control & Coordination

Endocrine System

This system contains: Hormone-producing glands

• Functions: Regulation & control

Cardiovascular System

This system contains: Heart & Blood Vessels

• Functions: transport

Lymphatic System

This system contains: Lymph nodes, Vessels

• Functions: Immunity & fluid balance

Respiratory System

This system contains: Lungs & Airways

• Functions: Gas Exchange

Digestive System

This system contains: Stomach, Intestines, Liver

• Functions: Breakdown & absorption of nutrients

Urinary System

This system contains: Kidneys & Bladder

• Functions: Waste elimination & water balance

Reproductive System

This system contains: Reproductive organs

• Functions: continuation of species

X-Rays

This imaging technique uses electromagnetic radiation

• good for dense structures like bones; 2D images

CT Scans (Computed Tomography)

This imaging technique uses x-rays with computer processing

• Cross-sectional images; better soft tissue contrast than x-rays

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

This imaging technique uses magnetic fields & radio waves

• excellent soft tissue detail; no ionizing radiation

PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

This imaging technique uses radioactive tracers\

• shows metabolic activity, often combines with CT

Ultrasound

This imaging technique uses sound waves

• real-time imaging; safe for pregnancy; good for soft tissues & blood flow

Hydrophobic

“water fearing”

• substances that do not dissolve in water (nonpolar)

Hydrophillic

“Water loving”

• substances that dissolve in water (Polar)

Atom

Smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element

Enzymes

Proteins that catalyze (speed up) biochemical reactions

Carbon (C)

• this element makes up 18.5% of the body

  • forms backbone of organic molecules

Hydrogen (H)

• this element makes up 9.5% of the body

  • component of water & organic molecules

Oxygen (O)

• this element makes up 65% of the body

  • component of water & organic molecules

Nitrogen (N)

• this element makes up 3.2% of the body

  • Component of proteins & nucleic acids

Mixture

2+ components physically intermixed

Solution

Homogenous mixture; solute is completely dissolved in solvent

• ex: salt water

Colloid

Mixture with particles larger than in solution, but smaller thana in suspension

• ex: milk

Suspension

Heterogenous mixture; particles settle out over time

• ex: Blood

Importance of Hydrogen Bonds

• Give water its unique properties

• Important in protein & DNA structure

• Enable waters cohesion & adhesion properties

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion

Potential Energy

Stored energy due to position or structure

Chemical Energy

Form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds

Inorganic Compounds

These usually lack carbon

• include: water, salts, acids, bases

Organic Compounds

These contain carbon

• include: Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Importance of water in the body

• makes up 60-80% of body weight

• solvent for biological reactions

• transport medium

• helps with temperature regulation through evaporation

• acts as a lubricant for joints

• helps maintain cell shape

PH Scale

measures hydrogen ion concentration

• ranges from 0-14

Acid

PH is less than 7

• releases hydrogen ions (H+)

Base

PH is greater than 7

• releases hydroxide ions (OH-) or accepts H+

Blood

The normal PH of this ranges from 7.35-7.45

• is considered slightly basic

Carbohydrates

A molecule composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

• Also referred to as saccharides

  • 3 forms of saccharides: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

• A critical fuel source

Glucose

primary energy source for cells

• a type of monosacchride

Fructose

Fruit sugar

• a type of monosacchride

Sucrose

Table Sugar

• glucose + fructose

  • a type of disacchride

Lactose

Milk sugar

• glucose + galactose

  • a type of disaccharide

Starch

Storage form of glucose in plants

• type of polysacchride

Lipids

class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water

• Ex: Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids, Prostaglandins

Saturated Triglycerides (Fat)

• have no double carbon bonds anywhere along their length and therefore contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

• Solid at room temperature

• Diet high in this increases risk of heart disease

• Mainly from animals

Unsaturated Triglycerides (Fat)

These fatty acids are unable to pack together tightly, have one or more double carbon bonds and are kinked at that bond

• Diet high in this lowers risk of heart disease

• liquid at room temperature

• mainly from plants

Protein

An organic compound composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

• functions include: structure, enzymes, transport, defense

Nucleotides

Building blocks of DNA & RNA

• Contain: sugar, phosphate, & a nitrogenous base

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Energy currency of cells

• provides energy for cellular processes

Cell

Basic structural & functional unit of life

Concentration Gradient

Difference in concentration of a substance between two ares

Passive Transport

This form of transport requires no energy

• Moves with concentration gradient

  • Ex: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Active Transport

This form of transport requires energy (ATP)

• moves against concentration gradient

  • Ex: Sodium-potassium pump, endocytosis, exocytosis

Isotonic

Type of solution in which there is the same concentration of solutes as a cell

• there is no net water movement

Hypotonic

A solution that has a lower concentration than a cell

• water enters cell

• Cells in this type of solution will swell as a result of taking in too much water (risk of bursting exists)

Hypertonic

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than a cell

• Cells in this type of solution will shrivel as water leaves the cell via osmosis

• Cell shrinks

Nucleus

“Control Center”

• contains DNA

  • Controls cell activities

Mitochondria

“Powerhouse”

• produces ATP through cellular respiration

Smooth ER

one of the “Manufacturers”

• Lipid synthesis & detoxification occurs here

• Has no ribosomes

Rough ER

one of the “Manufacturers”

• Protein synthesis & modification occurs here

• has ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, packages & ships proteins from the ER

Ribosomes

Functions in protein synthsis

• floats around freely in cytoplasm or attaches to the rough ER

Lysosomes

“Garbage Disposal”

• contain digestive enzymes

• break down worn-out organelles

Peroxisomes

contain enzymes that neutralize harmful substances (such as alcohol)

• many located in the liver

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments

• maintains cell shape & organelle position

Centrioles

These organize microtubules during cell division

Cell Membrane

Selectively permeable barrier

• controls what enters & leaves cell

Mitosis

process of cell division that produces two identical diploid cells

Selective Permeability

This allows some substances to pass through, while restricting others