HHD Unit 2 Exam Revision

changes to the body and its systems

Physical Development

people get bigger until the end of puberty

Growth

the increase in complexity of the brain, changes to sex organ function during puberty, decline of body systems

Changes to body systems

writing, cutting with scissors, tying shoelaces

Fine motor skills

running, throwing a ball, riding a bike

Gross motor skills

increase in complexity of processes in the brain such as thought knowledge and memory

Intellectual Development

relates to experiencing full range of emotions, increasing complexity relating to expression of emotions, development of self-concept and resilience

Emotional development

increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships with others

Social Development

table manners, being considerate

Behaviours

son/daughter, mother/father, employee, friend

Social roles and expectations

conflict resolution and open communication

Relationship skills

written and oral communication

Communication skills

development of body’s organs and structures, substantial growth

Prenatal (fertilisation → birth)

rapid growth, learn motor skills, can walk, use simple words, identify people, play social games, throw tantrums

Infancy (birth → 2yrs)

slow and steady growth and the accomplishment of new skills, learn social skills, toilet trained

Early childhood (2yrs → 6yrs)

slow and steady growth. Developmental changes mainly influenced by primary school (reading, writing, developing long term memory)

Late childhood (6yrs → 12yrs)

rapid growth, increased independence, more complex relationships, sexual maturity, life goal development

Youth (12yrs → 18yrs)

deciding on career, life partner, marriage, children, body reachers physical peak

Early adulthood (18yrs → 40yrs)

stability in work and relationships, further development of identity, financial security, physical signs of aging, ‘empty nest syndrome’

Middle adulthood (40yrs → 65yrs)

change in lifestyle due to retirement and financial security, reflection on life and achievements, grief associated with friends/family

Late adulthood (65yrs → death)

past experiences, the way the media portrays people, own experiences, others opinions, the way public figures speak, persons values and beliefs

Factors influencing perceptions of lifespan stages

positive, ambitious, hardworking, happy

Positive perception of youth

frightening, lazy, selfish

Negative perception of youth

wise, valuable life experiences, loving, caring

Positive perception of adults

they complain a lot, bad drivers, resistant to change

Negative perception of adults

family, friends, intimate, online, teachers/coaches/friends, professional

Relationship types

respect, trust, honesty, loyalty, empathy, safety, equality

Characteristics of health and respectful relationships

the consideration of others’ feelings, opinions, rights and needs

Respect

the feeling of having confidence in another person and feeling emotionally and physically safe around them

Trust

choosing not to lie, deceive or cheat

Honesty

the quality of being faithful to others

Loyalty

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

Empathy

the state of being free from danger, either physically or emotionally

Safety

the state of being equal

Equality

feeling uncomfortable, being put down, not feeling appreciated, low self esteem, lack of confidence, being embarrassed, feeling scared and vulnerable

Unhealthy relationships characteristics

hitting, biting, kicking, punching

Physical abuse

unwanted touching, unwanted sexual activity

Sexual abuse

repeated insults, put downs, lack of affection, financial abuse, social isolation

Emotional abuse

the process of promoting the physical, emotional, social and intellectual development and health and wellbeing of a child from birth to adulthood

Parenting

the need for food, air, water, activity, rest and safety

Physical needs

the need for belonging, self-worth and the respect of others

Social needs

the need to feel loved and wanted by caregivers

Emotional needs

knowledge, understanding, curiosity and search for meaning

Intellectual needs

parental pay leave, family tax benefit

Federal government resources

maternal and child health service, maternal and child health app

State government resources

access to recreational facilities, long daycare

Local government resources

starts at fertilisation and ends at implantation

Germinal stage

formation of placenta begins, the zygote travels through fallopian tube and into uterus

Germinal stage characteristics

starts at implantation and ends at eighth week

Embryonic stage

the heart starts beating, facial features such as eyes and mouth begin to form

Embryonic stage characteristics

starts at ninth week and ends at birth

Foetal stage

teeth begin to form, eyebrows and eyelashes grow

Foetal stage characteristics

tobacco use, poverty, maternal age, alcohol consumption, stress, drug use, undernutrition

Risk factors in achieving optimal prenatal development

antenatal care, parenting information, emotional support, nutritious diet, appropriate weight gain, immunisations

Protective factors in achieving optimal prenatal development

structures in brain increase in complexity, go through puberty (body hair, hips widen)

Physical transitions from youth to adulthood

focus on the future, wider range of experiences hence problem solving skills develop and increase

Intellectual transitions from youth to adulthood

may have a deeper sense of identity, may try to solve own problems with sense of emotional independence

Emotional transitions from youth to adulthood

greater independence and wider range of social experiences, relationship skills

Social transitions from youth to adulthood

birthweight doubles by six months, tooth eruption will occur, reflexes → sucking, grasping

Physical development in infancy

dependent on caregiver, begins to smile, separation anxiety can begin, may appear shy or nervous, may hide face or react when parent leaves

Social development in infancy

comforted by caregivers, forming attachment with caregivers, separation anxiety, learning to express emotions, can become sensitive, confidence can grow

Emotional development in infancy

recognising names, learn to use simple gestures, learn to say simple words, begin to differentiate themselves from others

Intellectual development in infancy

first set of teeth is complete, walking becomes more defined, start to see whether they are left right handed, motor skills develop

Physical development in early childhood

participates in more family routines (eating at dinner table), learn to share and take turns, social roles are imitated

Social development in early childhood

may become jealous when others receive attention, develop sense of empathy, begin to form an identity

Emotional development in early childhood

learning new words, can follow basic instructions, may learn to write basic letters and read basic books

Intellectual development in early childhood

the health and wellbeing of one generation affects the health and wellbeing of the next

Intergenerational

when the doctor or specialist charges only the Schedule fee. The payment is claimed directly from Medicare so there are no out-of-pocket expenses for the patient

Bulk billing

costs for treatment and accommodation in a public hospital

In-hospital expenses (Medicare)

2% tax for most Australian tax payers to fund Medicare

Medicare levy

an additional 1-1.5% tax on high income earners who do not have private health insurance

Medicare levy surcharge

ensures that people who require frequent services covered by Medicare, such as doctor’s visits and tests, receive additional financial support

Medicare Safety Net

costs for services such as doctors, specialists, tests and x-rays

Out-of-hospital expenses (Medicare)

costs that the patients must pay themselves

Out-of-pocket expenses

ensures that people who spend a large amount of money on PBS medications receive additional financial support

PBS Safety Net

the amount paid for insurance

Premium

an insurance policy that helps pay for services not covered by Medicare

Private Health Insurance

enables access to private hospital care, choice of doctor in public or private hospital

Private Health Insurance advantages

costly in terms of premiums that have to be paid, gap costs for patients (insurance doesn’t cover whole fee)

Private Health Insurance disadvantages

the amount that Medicare contributes towards certain consultations and treatments.

Schedule fee

the aim is to provide essential medicines to people who need them, regardless of their ability to pay

PBS

Australia’s universal health insurance scheme

Medicare

reduced cost for essential medical services, choice of doctor for out-of-hospital services

Medicare advantages

waiting lists for many treatments, no choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments

Medicare disadvantages

Access, Safety, Respect, Communication, Participation, Privacy, Comment

Healthcare rights

you have a right to health care

Access

you have a right to safe and high quality care

Safety

you have a right to respect, dignity and consideration

Respect

you have a right to be informed about services, treatment, options and costs in a clear and open way

Communication

you have a right to be included in decisions and choices about your care

Participation

you have a right to privacy and confidentiality of your personal information

Privacy

you have a right to comment on your care and to have your concerns addressed

Comment

out-of-hospital expenses, x-rays, pathology tests, eye tests, consultation fees for most doctors, in-hospital-expenses

What Medicare covers

costs associated with private hospital treatment, most dental work and care, home nursing care, ambulance services

What Medicare doesn’t cover

internet search engines, health and wellbeing websites and apps, technology-based patient consultations, virtual reality, symptom checkers

Digital media for health and wellbeing

people living in rural areas, those who have low socioeconomic status, language barriers, expanding on a diagnosis, support groups

Opportunities for health and wellbeing created through digital media

reliability of information, low health literacy, self-diagnosis, self-medicating, cyberchondria

Challenges for health and wellbeing created through digital media

Geographic location, socioeconomic status, health literacy, cultural factors, gender

Factors affecting access to health services

an independent, fee-free organisation whose role it is to receive and resolve complaints about health service providers through an impartial and confidential process.

Health Complaints Commissioner (HCC)

complaint lodged, complaint assessed (referred or declined), early resolution, formal resolution or investigation, outcome, complaint and outcome recorded

The complaint process