LIT 01 Midterms

Literature

it is the collected oral and written works of a society that depicts the people’s beliefs, values, customs and aspirations as well as their struggles in life

Literature

it may be describes as the record in words of what people thought and felt from the ancient past to the present day

Literature

among the arts, literature is considered on which has more fidelity to life than other artistic pursuit

literature/litteratura

Literature comes form the Latin word ________ which means letter or handwriting

1. Timelessness

2. Eternity

3. Universality

4. Permanence

Universal characteristics of literature

Universality

appeals to everyone regardless of culture, race, sex, and time which are considered significant

Artistry

describes literature is aesthetically appealing and reveals or conveys hidden truth and beauty

Intellectual value

stimulates critical thinking that enriches the mental processes of abstract and reasoning, making man realizes the fundamental truths of life and its nature

Suggestiveness

unravels and conjures man’s emotional power to define symbolism, nuances, implied meanings, images and message, giving and evoking visions above and beyond the plane ordinary life and experiences

spiritual value

Elevates the spirit and the soul and thus have the power to motivate and inspire, drawn from the suggested morals or lessons of the different literary genres

permanence

is determined by a written work’s ability to stand the test of time, which makes it impossible to determine at the moment of writing

style

refers to the distinct way the author expresses his or her thoughts

literary devices

refer to specific techniques or elements used by writes to create a more engaging and impactful literary work

1. similes

2. metaphors

3. personification

4. alliteration

5. hyperbole

6. irony

7. symbolism

8. foreshadowing

8 literary devices

literary devices

they contribute to the overall theme, tone, and atmosphere of a literary work, allowing the writer to effectively convey their message and engage the audience on a deeper level

1. poetry

2. drama

3. fiction

4. non-fiction

4 traditional literary genres

poetry

is a form of literary expression characterized by the use of rhythm, meter, and figurative language to evoke emotions and convey messages

drama

involves the portrayal of characters and their conflicts through dialogue and performance on stage or screen

fiction

encompasses storytelling through imagined narratives like novels and short stories

non-fiction

comprises factual and informative writing such as essay, biographies, and historical accounts

plot

is the sequence of events that make up the storyline in a literary work

structure

is the organization and arrangement of the plot elements to create a coherent and engaging narrative

BEGINNING

1. exposition

MIDDLE

2. conflict

3. rising action

4. climax

5. falling action

CONCLUSION

6. resolution

elements of the plot

exposition

the reader learns background information needed to understand the story. the setting is established and characters and conflict are introduced

conflict

the protagonist faces one or more challenges. the issue begins to worsen and these complications move the plot towards the climax, creating suspense

rising action

series of events that build tension and lead to the climax

climax

this is the highest point of tension. it could range from a ‘life or death’ situation to a tense emotional moment and we realize who or what is going to win the conflict

falling action

these are the actions that help to unravel, solve or deal with the problem that lead us towards the resolution. it may sometimes involve a surprise twist

resolution

the final outcome of the conflict, whether it is resolves or unresolved. the tension is broken and the reader feels a sense of closure although it may not end positively

1. linear plot

2. nonlinear plot

3. episodic plot

4. circular plot

5. in medias res

types of plot

linear plot

events unfold in chronological order

nonlinear plot

events are presented out of order or through flashbacks

episodic plot

the story is composed of loosely connected episodes

circular plot

the story ends where it began, creating a sense of completion

in medias res

the story begins in the middle of action

direct charachterization

this type involves the author explicitly stating the traits and qualities of a character. the author directly describes the character’s appearance, personality, beliefs, and motivations, leaving little room for interpretation

indirect characterization

relies on the reader’s observations and inferences to understand the character. instead of explicitly stating the character’s traits, the author provides clues through the character’s actions, thoughts, dialogue, and interactions with others

static character

remains unchanged throughout the course of the story. their personality and behavior stay consistent form the beginning to the end of the narrative

dynamic character

undergoes significant changes or development during the course of the story. their beliefs, attitudes, or values transform due to the events and experiences they encounter

1. protagonist

2. antagonist

3. supporting characters

4. flat characters

5. round characters

6. dynamic characters

types of characters

protagonist

is the central character in the story and is often considered the main character. the plot revolves around their experiences, challenges, and growth

antagonist

is the character or force that opposes the protagonist and creates conflict in the story. they may be a villain or an opposing force, presenting obstacles for the protagonist to overcome

supporting characters

secondary to the protagonist but play important roles in the story. they may provide assistance, guidance, or conflict to help move the plot forward

flat characters

relatively one-dimensional and lack significant development. they serve specific purposes in the story, but their traits and personalities are not extensively explored

round characters

complex and well-developed individuals with multi-faceted personalities. they often have depth and undergo changes throughout the narrative

dynamic characters

characters experience significant changes or personal growth over the course of the story. their transformation is a central element in the narrative

man vs self

• internal conflict within a character’s mind or emotions

• the character may grapple with difficult decisions, moral dilemmas, or inner decisions

man vs man

• external conflict between two or more characters

• it can involve physical confrontations, verbal arguments, or clashes of ideals

man vs society

• external conflict between a character and the larger society or community]

• the character challenges societal norms, traditions, or injustices

man vs nature

• external conflict where a character struggles against the forces of nature

• this can include survival challenges, natural disasters, or environmental obstacles

man vs supernatural

• external conflict with supernatural or paranormal elements

• the character faces challenges from ghosts, mythical creatures, or supernatural forces

man vs technology

• external conflict where a character contends with technological advancements or machines

• this conflict may explore the impact of technology on society or the dangers of artificial intelligence

man vs fate or destiny

• internal or external conflicts where a character battles against fate or preordained events

• the character may try to change their predetermined future or accept their destiny

1. mood

2. theme

3. point of view

4. foreshadowing

5. irony

6. style

other essential elements in literature:

mood

the emotional atmosphere or feeling created by the author in a literary work. it refers to the overall tone and ambiance that evokes certain emotions or sensations in the reader

mood

established through the author’s use of descriptive language, imagery, setting, and the emotions portrayed by characters

theme

the central idea or message that the author conveys through the story

theme

often reflect universal truths and explore essential concepts such as love, friendship, courage, and redemption. they serve as the underlying meaning or purpose of the narrative and provide readers with insights into the human condition and life’s complexities

point of view

the perspective from which the story is narrated, determining how much information readers receive and how they relate to the characters

pov

influences the reader’s understanding of events, emotions, and motivations within the story

first person

using “i” or “we” from a character’s viewpoint

third person limited

focusing on one character’s thoughts and feelings

third person omniscient

knowing the thoughts and feelings of all characters

second person

rarely used, addressing the reader as “you”

foreshadowing

a literary device in which the author drops subtle hints or clues early in a piece of fiction to suggest what might happen later in the story

• these clues can be in the form of events, dialogue, or descriptions that may not seem significant at first, but take on greater meaning and significance as the story unfolds

foreshadowing

builds anticipation and suspense, engaging the reader and adding depth to the narrative. it allows the author to create a sense of inevitability and connect different parts of the story, making the resolution more satisfying.

irony

a literary technique that involves a discrepancy between what is expected to happen and what actually occurs. it is a contrast between appearance and reality, often resulting in surprising or unexpected outcomes

verbal irony

where the intended meaning differs from the literal meaning of the words spoken

situational irony

where there is a contrast between what is expected to happen and what actually happens in a situation

dramatic irony

where the audience or reader is aware of something that the characters are not

style

refers to a writer’s individual and distinct way of writing sets them apart from other authors

symbolism

refers to the use of symbols, objects, characters, or events to represent deeper meanings or ideas beyond their literal sense

symbolism

to convey complex themes, emotions, or messages in a subtle and indirect way, inviting readers to engage in deeper analysis and interpretation

1. objects

2. colors

3. nature

4. animals

5. characters

6. actions and events

symbolism in literature

symbolism

• enhances the depth and resonance of a literary work, allowing readers to explore themes and meanings beyond the surface narrative

• it encourages critical thinking and analysis, as readers seek to decipher the hidden layers of meaning embedded in the text

poetry

• wherein sound and meaning of words are combined to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas

• usually written in lines

• a collection of words written to inspire ideas, imaginations, or emotion

1. theme

2. rhythm

3. meter

4. rhyme

5. stanza

6. line

7. mood

elements of poetry

theme

is a truth, lesson, or message about life

rhythm

is the beat, sound, and feel of a poem

meter

is the number and style of accented syllables in a line

rhyme

describes words that have the same ending sounds

stanza

a group of lines in a poem

line

is a single row of words in a poem

mood

it is a feeling the poet is trying to convey

figurative language in poetry

refers to the use of words and expressions that go beyond their literal meanings to create a deeper and more vivid understanding of the text

simile

a comparison between two unlike things using “like” or “as”

metaphor

a direct comparison between two unlike things without using “like” or “as”

personification

giving human qualities or characteristics to non-human entities

hyperbole

exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally

alliteration

the repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words in close proximity

assonance

the repetition of vowel sounds within words

onomatopeia

words that imitate the sound they represent

imagery

descriptive language that creates sensory experiences by appealing to the senses of sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell

irony

a contrast between what is said and what is meant, or between expectation and reality

oxymoron

a combination of contradictory or opposite words (bittwersweet, living dead”

euphemism

using mild or less direct language to replace harsh or unpleasant words or concepts

poetic forms and structures

are fundamental elements of poetry. they are essential aspects of the art of poetry. they provide poets with a framework within which to create, allowing for both creative expression and adherence to specific rules

sonnet

revered from popularized by shakespeare, typically consists of 14 lines with a specific rhyme scheme

haiku

hails from Japanese tradition and focuses on capturing a moment in just three lines, fostering simplicity and brevity (5/7/5)